Process Mapping

| PDF | Print | Share Process Mapping – An Overview Back to previous page Process Mapping – An Overview What is it and how can it help me? A map of a patient journey is a visual representation – a picture or model – of the relevant procedures and administrative processes. The map shows how things are and what happens, rather than what should happen. This helps anyone involved see other people's views and roles.It can also help you to diagnose problems and identify areas for improvement. There are different approaches to mapping patient journeys, procedures and administrative processes in healthcare services. Which one you select will depend upon: What you need to know Resources and timescales Engagement and interest of staff Each one gives you a slightly different perspective and there is no definitive right or wrong. The key is to reflect how things are – and not how they should be.Examples of process mapping techniques: A guide to mapping patient journeys – process mapping; a conventional model Process mapping – alternatives ways to conventional process mapping Process templates Walkthrough a patient journey Spaghetti diagram Value added steps A picture of time and resources (process templates) required by a single patient Reviewing the patient pathway; mapping your last ten patients – using patient files and records Getting patient perspectives Care pathway analysis When does it work best?Mapping patient journeys is an essential tool to reduce delays and highlight improvements for patients and staff. Each approach reveals a different perspective. All approaches will reveal: Unnecessary delays Unnecessary steps / unnecessary handovers Duplication of effort / waste Things that don't make sense / not logical Likely hotspots, bottlenecks or constraints Depending upon which approach you use, you will be able to: Identify bottlenecks and constraints Identify and understand variations in clinical practice Deve lop a shared understanding of the problem Build teamsIdentify issues to do with quality of care Gain an in-depth understanding of a patient's perspective Identify steps that don't directly contribute to patient care (those that contribute are sometimes called value added steps) Carry out capacity and demand analysis from core information Mapping things out can also produce brilliant ideas; especially from staff who don't normally have the opportunity to contribute to service improvement, but really know how things work. How to use it You don't need to map everything: concentrate on the area where there is a gap in your understanding, or which needs improvement.Ideally, you will know where the bottleneck is before you go into more detailed mapping as the information you need should be slightly different. The information and level of detail you need depends upon your starting point. Consider the views and perspectives of the people you want to work with to identify the problems and so lutions. Where do I start? What do you need to know? How simple can you go? Are you working at a high level along the whole pathway or focusing in more detail? Whose views do you need? What is the best way to engage them? Do you need to meet with / engage people in advance?How could you capture the patient's view (if the mapping exercise includes part of the service they experience)? Wherever possible, use photographs and pictures of places, staff and equipment in mapping exercises. This brings your representation of ‘how things are' to life. Guide to Conventional Process Mapping Potential impact (on patient journeys) This is often used across teams and Reduces unnecessary delays, time lost due organisations (see mapping the whole patient to duplication and work that doesn't make journey across teams and organisations) to sense, right support for constraints. earn about this mapping technique). Strengths Outcome A range of staff's knowledge about their work Different perspecti ves. (what happens and when it happens) mapped Interpretation is shared. along a patient journey. Staff buy-in for potential improvements. Lots of ideas for improvement. Change or improvement ideas. What it is Usually a big meeting of fifteen to twenty- five people lasting around two to three hours. Team building. Everyone understands the issues, so reduces resistance to change proposals.What resources you need Weaknesses Skilled facilitator (not part of the group). A room. Lead-in time to get the right people in the Effort to set up. room. Cost of external facilitation (unless you Time from the people involved, preferably at a time when there is lease opportunity for are able to get someone from another interruption. part of the organisation). Rolls of paper, post-its. Time – delay in getting going. People who aren't in the room don't get engaged. Lots of ideas for improvement overwhelming, so follow-up doesn't meet expectations.Non-Conventional Process Mapping Potential imp act (on patient journeys) This is often used across teams and Reduces unnecessary delays, time lost due organisations (see process mapping – to duplication and work that doesn't make alternative ways). sense or doesn't ‘add value', right support for constraints. Outcome Usually more quickly accessed knowledge Strengths about a procedure / clinic / administrative process. Details could focus on: Can be planned in a shorter timescale. Walk the patient journey yourself. Set up a mini mapping session. Value added steps.Potential for more detailed information to be produced. A good place to start. A picture of the time and resources Weaknesses (process templates) required by a Could still get silos unless links or single patient. interfaces with other teams Staff buy-in for potential considered. improvements. Change or improvement ideas. What it is (eg different approaches) 1. Walking through the patient journey 2. Set up a mini process mapping session. 3. Follow a patient. 4. Be a patient . What resources you need Clipboard and paper (if doing it by yourself) or flipcharts, rolls of paper and post its. onsidered. Just because there is more detail, it does not (and should) not reflect everything. A judgement call needs to made on what actually would be useful and what is possible to undertake in the time that has been allocated. Tracking paperwork, samples, patients Potential impact (on patient journeys) through a system (see tracer studies to Reduces unnecessary delays, time lost due learn about this technique). to duplication and work that doesn't make sense or does not ‘add value'. Outcome A small number of pathways mapped ie 10 Strengths patient records along key steps and/or staff nteractions. Less resource intensive to set up. What it is A form developed to pick up information as something goes through the system. Collate the information and follow-up either through interviews or group discussion. Identifies steps that are hidden. Level of detail in a contained area. Some staff may feel this approach is more scientific as it focuses on what happened and when, adding weight to the findings. What resources you need Planning time and good communication (staff who are involved need to know what they need to do and why). Weaknesses A good form. Analysis time. Analysis time.Follow-up time (meeting or possibly interviews). Ownership of the results or findings less. Some people may say the sample size is too small. Using patient files and records Potential impact (on patient journeys) (see reviewing the patient pathway: mapping Standardises clinical practice / timescales at key stages of clinical pathway, reduces your last ten patients). unnecessary delays and work that doesn't ‘add value'. Outcome 10 records of patient journeys with timescales Strengths from a defined start and end point. What it is A review of patient records and a follow-up meeting to discuss findings.Relatively quick and easy to focus – it gi ves you a good starting point. Focus on clinically important events and when they happen. What resources you need Access to patient records (this isn't always Comparison across consultant. easy). Time to review the patient records. A room and the right people to discuss the Weaknesses results. Misses out the detail. Misses out the ‘why things happen'. People may say the sample size is too small. Walkthrough a patient journey / patient Potential impact (on patient journeys) shadowing (see process mapping – Reduces unnecessary delays, time lost due alternative ways). o duplication and work that doesn't make sense or doesn't ‘add value'. Delays reduced Outcome due to quality issues picked up from patients' Qualitative perspective of the patient's viewpoints. journey and interactions with staff. See also Strengths getting patient perspectives What it is Someone ‘shadows' a patient taking a tour of all of the steps or some steps in a patient's journey. You can al so walk through the journey talking to staff, but you will miss interaction between patients and staff. What resources you need Someone external to the team to carry out the walk through.Identifies issues that staff may be less happy to highlight in a bigger group. Quality focus. Identifies local solutions with staff that they can take forward. Good way for individuals in a team to see how other teams work. Some preparation. Weaknesses Agreement about what to do with the findings. General ownership of the insights Staff who are skilled at observing / gained (it is recommended someone interviewing doing the walk through. Permission from patients. external to the team does the walk Time to write it up. through). Shadowing does not necessarily provide representative views. Workflows (see spaghetti diagram)Outcome A picture of time wasted from walking / movement of things. Strengths What it is A picture of the actual movement of staff, patients or things eg X-rays through a department. Called a spaghetti diagram as that's what it often looks like. Results of improvements Better layout for a department or ward based on observations. Easy and quick to do. Visual picture reveals a lot and triggers much discussion. Weaknesses What resources you need Someone to observe the movement of the Also its strength – a single perspective person, patient or thing. Preparation and discussion time with team. Flipchart and pens.Compare with evidence based pathways Results following improvement Development towards evidence pathways. based Outcome A comparison of your clinical pathways with existing evidence based pathways. Strengths What it is Uses existing pathway work as a source of knowledge and ideas, links to pathway work: Focus on evidence based care and best practice. Simple vision for the future. Map of Medicine May get people ‘on the same page'. Delivering quality and value Cancer Services Collaborative Partnership Department of Health 18 week programme Weaknes ses NHS Library – Protocols and Pathways What resources you need Preparation.Access to the existing pathway. Meeting room and time with the right people. Flipchart. A focus on ‘right patient, right care, right time' (Source local evidence) May not pick up the reality of what is going on in your pathway (especially in support function).. Currently, only main pathways are available. You must know your own pathway to get the most from it. Care Pathway Analysis Tools Results following improvement Care pathway analysis tools allow health Depends upon the focus of the simulation systems to map out the patient journey as a and the changes made as a result. rocess map. You can then modify this to show the potential impact of new ways of Strengths working, or new technology and practice (see care pathway analysis). Displays ideas for improvement and potential impact without need to make What you get from the analysis actual changes on the ground. The anticipated impact prior to change. Done right, it can save significant resources eg you can see bottlenecks and anticipate the impact Helps to visualise benefits of change. of changes in work patterns around the Can prevent decisions that would make things worse rather than better. ottleneck. The discussions around the results usually What it is lead to direct improvement. It is a simulation software tool. A number of Weaknesses tools are now being developed for the NHS, Generally needs a lot of data and some such as the Scenario Generator. The NHS expertise from information and analytical Institute for Innovation and Improvement has departments as well as facilitation. acquired a free license for each SHA and All models represent a view of the world. The PCT. impact the model simulates may not be what happens.What resources you need Currently, free tools only have limited number Access to the simulation software. of pathways Reasonable standard of computer hardware Not available to some regions. to ensure si mulation runs quickly. You must know your own pathway to get the Analytical expertise. most from it. Additional data. Meetings to develop your model. Good understanding about the strengths and limitations of the approach. Examples â€Å"We want the simplest possible picture of how the process works, and simplest is the key word here.The aim of process mapping is to make things clear – to provide us with insight, and the best map is the simplest map that provides that insight. † The East Midlands Improvement Network Originally from Jones & Mitchell, Lean Enterprise Academy  © NHS Confederation. A high level value stream shows the time taken by each main party in an elective care pathway. This type of map can give you context for more detailed mapping exercises. What next? Be clear about your focus. If you are starting out, select an approach that will give you an overview of the whole pathway. Try to get an experienced facilitator on board to help you out.Be clear abo ut your objectives, ie ask what, why, when, where and how? For example, the scope of your project may be to reduce waiting times for radiology. You know mapping will help you. What do you do? A couple of high level maps would be a good place to 1. Describing the workflow of the department, around diagnostic tests 2. Describing the whole pathway for the most common test These would pick up areas for improvement that are straightforward (for example reducing the number of handovers) and may also pick up problem areas for more detailed mapping exercises.You should make improvements before you get to the next stage. The specific tools will guide you a bit more, but you may find it helpful to refer to the service improvement project guide as a checklist. Some tools that may help you Listening – the importance of this skill will help to ensure all participants' views are acknowledged Managing conflict may help with resistance to change Additional resources Websites: Map of Medicine Map of Medicine is linked to Connecting for Health and is currently available to organisations in the english NHS.NHS Scotland's Centre for Change and Innovation covers measurement, analysis, techniques and solutions for service improvement in health, including a section on mapping. Background The techniques described here originate in the main from the manufacturing industry, with a couple from social sciences. For example, the emphasis and term ‘value stream mapping' comes from an approach called Lean.Directly translated to health, this separates and maps out procedures and work processes that: Directly benefit patients (hands on time, decision making) Supports the benefit of patients (eg staff training) Does not benefit patients (eg time spent looking for something that isn't in the right place) Our knowledge about how to apply these approaches to improve health services is developing all the time. The foundation of this guide originates from the NHS Modernisation Agency, the National Clinical Governance Support Team and the learning and experience of work done by NHS organisations.At present, there is a strong influence from Lean and Six Sigma approaches to mapping pathways, procedures and work processes in healthcare. The other strong influence on health services is the development of evidence based clinical pathways. These are being developed as standardised pathways, using evidence developed by organisations like the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Mapping has been used to illustrate the world and how things work pretty much since the beginning of time.Humans navigate by maps, as well as using them to illustrate and make sense of the world. Different maps have different perspectives and uses – which all combine to give us a more balanced overview of any given situation. Acknowledgements / sources The foundation of this guide originates from the NHS Modernisation Agency, the National Clinical Governance Support Team and t he learning and experience of work done by NHS organisations.  © Copyright NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement 2008  © Copyright NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement 2006-2012

Career Exploration Paper Essay

For my career exploration paper I choice the following job Marriage and Family Therapists. That said, Most of my career information that is use in my paper will be from O*NET Online (National Center for O*NET Development, 2014). The codes that I recived from taking the O*NET interest profiler was that my social was 23, artistic was 15, enterprising was 8, and conventional was 3.Ppeople, who are social, like interests in working with others to help them learn and grow (Holland, 2014). That I liked working with people, instead of working with machines, information or objects. Having taken both tests, I believe that the O*NET interest profiler was my best profiler. When it came to taking Holland’s theory test, I got different results: It sated that my highest score was in Systematic, which means that I prefer jobs that that routine and challenging. It also stated that I need jobs that are secure; I don’t like changes in my routine and situations that may require me to make quick decisions. I also scored high in the arts, which means that I have a great an appreciation for all the Arts. The last high score I recived was in the Health Service, which mean I enjoy helping others. The Nature of the Work for this career, including such things as: The duties that are involved in this position are: 1) They ask questions about the clients so that they can help their clients recognize their behavior and feelings. 2) They help clients with their concerns in their marriages, such as helping them work through an unsatisfactory relationships, being separated or divorce, raising their children, improving how they manage their home, and help them find a way to solve their financial difficulties. 3) They encourage family member and individual’s members tin helping them in developing useful skills and plans overcome their problems in a beneficial manner. 4) They are responsible for  maintaining their case files that include their evaluation, progress notes and recommendations. 5) They are responsible for developing and implementing client’s treatment plans which address their family relationship difficulties, damaging patterns of behaviors, and additional personal issues. 6) Gather information about each client, which use s techniques which includes testing interviewing, observations, and discussions. 7) Discuss with their clients to help them develop a plans for their post treatment and activities. 8) They may have to consult with other counselors, doctors and other professionals to help their clients get the best care possible. 9) Help determining whether their clients should be referred to another professional in such areas as legal aid and psychiatry. 10) Monitor the results of their counseling programs and how well their clients’ adjusted, so that they can to determine how effective the programs are (O*NET Development, 2014). The skills that are required for this position are 1) Being an active listener , 2) social perceptiveness, 3) Being able to judge, and make decisions,4) Must be service oriented, 5) Must have good specking skills, 6) Be able to solve complexed problems , 7) Use critical thinking , 8) Reading comprehensive, 9) Good writing skills, and 10) Being able to monitor the performance of other and yourself. The activities for this position are 1) Establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships. 2) Assisting and caring for others.3) Documenting/re cording Information, 4) Making decisions and solving problems. 5) Gathering information. 6) Organizing, planning, and prioritizing work. 7) Resolving conflicts and negotiating with others. 8) Communicating with supervisors, peers, or subordinates. 9) Thinking creatively. 10) Coaching and developing others. Typical work day 1) This job requires that you work indoors in an environmentally controlled atmosphere, sitting for prolonged periods of time. It also includes using the phones in talking with clients, prospective clients and insurance companies on a regular basis. 2) You also have to have face to face contact clients and other employees. 3) You will also be working in groups or teams, to work out conflict situations. 3) This job requires that you are able to make frequent decisions that may affect other people, financial resources, or other /or the image and reputation of the organization.Working Conditions According to the Florida Health Career the work environments for marriage and family therapists usually work  in agencies, clinics, hospitals, private practice, and schools. Their hours have to be flexible so that they can accommodate working people who are required to work evenings and families that are in crisis. All of their work is indoors in well environmental conditions. As far as supervision, it would vary do to the fact that the work in a various places of employment. Because of the demands of this job that has deadlines, crisis situations and multiple tasks, this job can be very stressful and demanding. Preparation and Qualifications The training and education that are required will vary by each state for marriage and family therapist. This job usually requires y a master’s degree is required in order to obtain your licensure. Most of the experience comes from the internships and the intensives at the colleges. The personal traits for a marriage and family therapist is to have strong desire to help people in a respectful manner, are confident, and trustworthy which are an important characteristic of marriage and family therapists. Another important characteristic of marriage and family therapists is to be able to work with individual and have a team work skills.Opportunities and Future Outlook Employment for marriage and family therapists is projected to grow 29 percent from 2012 to 2022, which is much faster than the average compared to other occupations. The reason for this growth is that more people will have their mental health counseling services that will now be covered by their insurance policies. Because of such growth and demand we will see more marriage and family therapist see a bigger geographic distribution in large and small firms, which will give way to job security and advancement opportunities. Economic and Non-Economic Benefits As of Jan 8, 2014, for an entry-level education with a Master’s degree in marriage and family was $40,080. Also for marriage and family therapist the median annual was $46,670 in May 2012. As far as benefits goes, most for marriage and family therapist work fulltime so they would get the following benefits such as insurance, vacation time off, sick leave, and paid education. The personal satisfaction benefits are: 1) Many psychologists have flexible work schedules.2) Psychologists have the potential to earn very high salaries.3) Psychologists can own and operate their own businesses .The associated lifestyle of marriage and family therapist are that you can afford a bigger home, expensive car, go on long vacations, pay for your child’s education and give more money to charities.  The psychological rewards are that psychologists get to meet and help a wide variety of people.Disadvantages and or Special SituationsThe disadvantages of b eing a marriage and family therapist are that you have to work irregular hors to accommodate clients. This may require you to work late and sometimes weekends. Some work maybe seasonal or require you to travel as part of their job requirements. Some of the hazards of being a marriage and family therapist are: 1) dealing with insurance and billing issues can be a hassle.2) Setting up your own practice can be challenging. 3) Dealing with clients on a daily basis can be emotionally draining. 4) You will need to devote time to finding new clients.Conclusion What I didn’t know about my career choice was that you may have to travel and that some jobs are seasonal. The characteristic and requirement are not a problem with me. I was used to working in stressful environments as a surgical tech. I also was used to working late and weekends and holiday as part of my job requirements. My job was also very demanding. I have always been a caring individual, and I like helping people so I feel that I will enjoy being a therapist. I also believe that my interest and values will be fulfilled with this job. I believe that there is a great advantage using O*NET in my future career. Because this job requires that you are able to make frequent decisions that may affect other people, financial resources, the couple might be looking for higher paying jobs as one of their options and O*NET would be a useful tool in helping people finds higher paying jobs. References O*NET Interest Profiler ww.onetonline.org/link/summary/21-1013.00 Retrieved 4/1/2014 Free Holland test www.free-career-test.com/‎ Retrieved 5/5/2014 http://www.flahec.org/hlthcareers/MARRIAGE.HTM Retrieved 5/5/2014 www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/mental-health-counselors-and-marriage-and-family-therap Retrieved 5/5/2014 | .|

Historical Development of Labour Law

The origins of labour law can be traced back to the remote past and the most varied parts of the world. While European writers often attach importance to the guilds and apprenticeship systems of the medieval world, some Asian scholars have identified labour standards as far back as the Laws of Hammurabi and rules for labour–management relations in the Laws of Manu; Latin-American authors point to the Laws of the Indies promulgated by Spain in the 17th century for its New World territories. None of these can be regarded as more than anticipations, with only limited influence on subsequent developments. Labour law as it is known today is essentially the child of successive industrial revolutions from the 18th century onward. It became necessary when customary restraints and the intimacy of employment relationships in small communities ceased to provide adequate protection against the abuses incidental to new forms of mining and manufacture on a rapidly increasing scale at precisely the time when the 18th-century Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the political forces that they set in motion were creating the elements of the modern social conscience. It developed rather slowly, chiefly in the more industrialized countries of western Europe, during the 19th century and has attained its present importance, relative maturity, and worldwide acceptance only during the 20th century. The first landmark of modern labour law was the British Health and Morals of Apprentices Act of 1802, sponsored by the elder Sir Robert Peel. Similar legislation for the protection of the young was adopted in Zurich in 1815 and in France in 1841. By 1848 the first legal limitation of the working hours of adults was adopted by the Landsgemeinde (citizens’ assembly) of the Swiss canton of Glarus. Sickness insurance and workmen’s compensation were pioneered by Germany in 1883 and 1884, and compulsory arbitration in industrial disputes was introduced in New Zealand in the 1890s. The progress of labour legislation outside western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand was slow until after World War I. The more industrialized states of the United States began to enact such legislation toward the end of the 19th century, but the bulk of the present labour legislation of the United States was not adopted until after the Depression of the 1930s. There was virtually no labour legislation in Russia prior to the October Revolution of 1917. In India children between the ages of seven and 12 were limited to nine hours of work per day in 1881 and adult males in textile mills to 10 hours per day in 1911, but the first major advance was the amendment of the Factory Act in 1922 to give effect to conventions adopted at the first session of the International Labour Conference at Washington, D. C. , in 1919. In Japan rudimentary regulations on work in mines were introduced in 1890, but a proposed factory act was controversial for 30 years before it was adopted in 1911, and the decisive step was the revision of this act in 1923 to give effect to the Washington Convention on hours of work in industry. Labour legislation in Latin America began in Argentina in the early years of the century and received a powerful impetus from the Mexican Revolution, which ended in 1917, but, as in North America, the trend became general only with the impact of the Great Depression. In Africa the progress of labour legislation became significant only from the 1940s onward. The legal recognition of the right of association for trade union purposes has a distinctive history. There is no other aspect of labour law in which successive phases of progress and regression have been more decisively influenced by political changes and considerations. The legal prohibition of such association was repealed in the United Kingdom in 1824 and in France in 1884; there have been many subsequent changes in the law and may well be further changes, but these have related to matters of detail rather than to fundamental principles. In the United States freedom of association for trade union purposes remained precarious and subject to the unpredictable scope of the labour injunction, by means of which the courts helped restrain trade union activity until the 1930s. The breakthrough for trade unionism and collective bargaining was achieved by the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. In many other countries the record of progress and regression with respect to freedom of association falls into clearly distinguished periods separated by decisive political changes. This has certainly been the case with Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, and much of eastern Europe; there have been many illustrations of it, and there may well be more in the developing world. Labour codes or other forms of comprehensive labour legislation and inistries of labour were not introduced until the 20th century. The first labour code (which, like many of its successors, was a consolidation rather than a codification) was projected in France in 1901 and promulgated in stages from 1910 to 1927. Among the more advanced formulations affecting the general condition of labour were the Mexican Constitution of 1917 and the Weimar Constitution of Germany of 1919, both of which gave constitutional status to certain general principles of social policy regarding economic rights. Provisions of this kind have become increasingly common and are now widespread in all parts of the world. Departments or ministries of labour responsible for the effective administration of labour legislation and for promoting its future development were established in Canada in 1900, in France in 1906, in the United States in 1913, in the United Kingdom in 1916, and in Germany in 1918. They became general in Europe and were established in India and Japan during the following years and became common in Latin America in the ’30s. A labour office was established in Egypt in 1930, but only in the ’40s and ’50s did similar arrangements begin to take root elsewhere in Asia and Africa. Under differing political circumstances there continue, of course, to be wide variations in the authority and effectiveness of such administrative machinery.

Week6 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week6 - Article Example There is the possibility of reorganizing or refunding debts of the federal government. In order to take these steps, there needs to be evaluation and assessment of refunding or reorganization of debts. A good way that the federal government could reorganize or refund its debts obligation is whereby the city’s administrators highlight upon the debts with high interest rates (Seitz & Ellison, 2004). These types of debts can hamper the government’s ability to perform other financial duties or obligations. Therefore, refunding would imply that the government would add new debt to the existing debt kitty. In turn, the government would be forced to increase debt in order to facilitate payments of both interest and the existing debts (Lee & Joyce, 2008). If the government’s new debt can be increased at high interest rate, this would offer economic prosperity and other possible benefits may be realized in case the interest rates decrease such as transforming the conditio ns of the debt that may permit the local government of Seattle to revise their payment plan that may assist with short-term budget demands. Refunding debts to substitute a lower interest rate may poses some economic merits, if other transformations are made, like term, there is a probability that there will be a net rise in the debt costs over the debt’s term. Furthermore, another refunding or reorganization tactic is the reduction of the overall expenditures gained by the government. This would establish an additional financial base that should be diverted towards settling the city’s debts. In order for the federal government to decrease the high debts, it is vital that alternative funding options are created in order to support its debt obligation. The federal government may provide financial help in quarterly or annual terms. Another alternative is for the city to try to maximize revenues gathered (Shapiro, 2004). My budget has a defined goal that I have to

Case Study Of Nokia Production Relocation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study Of Nokia Production Relocation - Essay Example The decision produced a real shock in Germany, both in the unions’ and the politicians’ circles, who both called for boycotting the Nokia products. Nokia is trying to sell another line of business in Bochum, involving personalized cell mobile solutions for cars, to Sasken Technologies, with the help of the private investment fund Equity Partners GmbH and the former manager of Nokia's automotive mobile division, Razban Olosu. At that time, Romania seemed to be a better choice, as it would have fulfilled Nokia’s policy for cost-effectiveness and feasibility. The level of payments for the employees definitely was one of the main reasons, as well as the costs implied by the establishment of the factory. The official opening of the first production line in Romania has an echo also in Austria, where Der Standard wrote that â€Å"while the employees in Bochum still try to save themselves, Nokia is opening a new factory in Romania†. Romania is described in the sam e article as being â€Å"a country with cheap labor force†. Since the inauguration, the Finish in Nokia did not give any time period for their operation in Romania. In 2010, the Sr. Vice President of Nokia, Juha Putkiranta said that â€Å"We do not know how long we will be in Romania, but we hope to be a long term investment, especially that Romania is very close to the markets we wish to serve through this factory†. According to the National Statistics Institute in Romania, in the first three months of 2010, the mobile phones produced at Jucu placed second in the total export. Hence, the mobile phones recorded a 50% increase compared with 2009, reaching a total export of Eur 300 million. The over 3,000 employees in the Nokia factory at Jucu have been called for a meeting, and the Nokia management team for Europe announced that the factory in Cluj will be closed by the end of 2010. The Romanian Senator Marius Nicoara, former President of the Cluj County Council is the man who negotiated the opening of Nokia at Cluj and he declared that the Finish representatives have some complaints. The Senator claimed not to be aware of Nokia intention to close the factory in Cluj, but he knew just that the Finish asked for a new air lane of 3,500 meters and a cargo terminal at Cluj Airport. The two requirements have not been accomplished. Nokia wanted to have the possibility to accommodate big planes for inter-continental transport at Cluj Airport. The cargo terminal has been abandoned, and the air lane is in progress, but still too small to satisfy the initial requirements and specifications. Despite the initial advantages offered by Romania, Nokia did not consider enough the political and foreign investment background existent in the country. The apparently lower costs blurred the bureaucracy existent in Romania, the corruption at all levels and the impediments of the existent infrastructure. After 2 years of operation in Romania, Nokia came to the decision that the investment is not profitable anymore for long term. Even if the sales recorded increase, the economic collapse which affected most of the European countries could not be ignored, and Romania was never in the position to be economically stable. After a year or two, people lose interest in a product, even if it is good or feasible; Romania is a

Teaching Learning Approaches - Multimedia Essay

Teaching Learning Approaches - Multimedia - Essay Example type II diabetes, the humanist theory will be suitable since it considers that real learning is something that the patient discovers for him/herself, basing on the fundamental principle that learning must always be grounded on learner-centered objective identified by the learner him/herself (Aujoulat, 2007). Moreover, the paper will incorporate two multimedia materials that will be used in training the patients. The multimedia to be used will use interactive health websites and virtual communities since the patients to be educated are adults who are well exposed with the digital world of IT. The humanistic theory will incorporate both Maslow hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow and humanistic approach o psychology by Carl Rogers. Developed by Abraham Maslow, humanistic theory is based on the concept that experience is the key phenomenon in the study of human learning and behavior as well. Maslow based his emphasis on creativity, choice, values, all distinctively human qualities, self-actualization, and believed that subjectivity and meaningfulness were always important than objectivity. Maslow believed that full development of human potential, worth and dignity are the ultimate concerns. According to Maslow (1968), human motivation is based on a hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem and self-actualization. Tentatively, Maslow tried to prove that the drive to learn is intrinsic thus; the main purpose of learning is to bring about the highest level of the hierarchy of needs, which is self-actualization. In this regard, the objective and process of the educator should include this process (Frick, 1987). Maslow argued that learning contributes to the psychological health of the learne r and came up with learning goals: discovery of one’s vocation or destiny, realization of life as precious, sense of accomplishment, developing choice, satisfaction of physiological needs, grappling with the critical existential problems of life and impulse

Real Sex and Pornography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Real Sex and Pornography - Essay Example The decision of being social or anti-social as to the choice of sexually explicit materials is being guided by their lifetime experience as to what is acceptable and what is not. There were studies supporting the fact that viewing pornography and practicing internet sex has become addictive to majority of the population. Kimberly S. Young (2008) of The Center for Internet Addiction Recovery said that "Internet sex addiction typically involves viewing, downloading, and trading online pornography or engagement in adult fantasy role-play rooms". According to the author, adult web sites have become now the biggest segment of electronic commerce offering wide choices of sexual interests. Due to the readily available sexually explicit material online, internet sex addiction has become a major problem among users. Internet sex addiction is now being considered as a form of infidelity and has caused numerous family break-ups and marital problems (Millner, 2008). There were reported instances that an internet sex addicted husband prefer cybersex over real sex with their wives (Craine 2008). This paper aims to support the position that internet sex addiction should be avoided and the practice should be done devoid of emotional attachment. Causes of Internet Sex Addiction Young (2008) reported that Internet sex addiction start with discovery that sex sites do exist. 2 The author reported that normally, the new user discover the existence of such sites by accident. Due to the overwhelming number of internet sex sites, there will always be a chance that a surfer will discover its existence. Young reported that according to Internet Filter Review of Pornography Industry Statistics, There were about 4.2 million pornographic websites in existence today; the size of the industry is $57 billion worldwide and $12 billion of that is in the US. The daily hits on these websites total 372 million with additional 68 million pornographic search engine requests (Caroll et al, 2008). This represents about 25% of total search engine requests (Ropelato, 2006). For the first time user, surfing the internet with a press of a button is so exciting, much so if one accidentally press a button and enter a cybersex chat room. With complete unanimity through username and handle, one can rewind after a hard work or simply relieve stress and personal problems.The next phase according to Young is experimentation. Due to the fact that one can access the internet at the privacy of one's own room or office plus the convenience of being anonymous and without the danger of being recognized or the truth be divulged, one can effectively pose according to ones fantasy (Barak & Fisher, 2005). In short, all the inhibitions and shame that an action may result in real life can all be prevented under the internet scenario. It was for this reason that according to Young (2001), more than 60% of on line users developed sex addiction exclusively on the internet. The third stage of addiction development according to You

Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment law - Essay Example In the case of MyAnna, Frindus Foods limited gave her a written particular, but which failed to highlight her station of work. However, they gave her an appointment letter that stated her place of work is Telford. This was a strong indication on where her work place was, and the authorities at Telford Company had to respect this statement. Section 1 (2) of the employment rights act of 1996 denotes that an employer can give to employer pieces of a contract agreement, as long as it is done within two months. Part 1 section 4 (h) of the employment contracts act of 1996 denotes that a statement of a contract must identify the location, in which the employer is to work; or places the company authorizes him or her to work, and the address of the employer (Goldsmith, 2012). According to the appointment letter that MyAnna had, she was supposed to work at the company’s headquarters in Telford. This satisfies the requirements of a statement of employment set up by Section 4 (h), part 1 of the 1996 employment act. The contract between Frindus limited, and MyAnna is an ordinary contract, and in case Frindus wants to change the terms of the contract, the management has to consult MyAnna. In the case involving Ferodo limited against Rigby (1987), the company decided to reduce the wage rate of Rigby without his consultation. This was to affect all the employees of the organization, and it was meant to save the company from insolvency. Rigby continued to work, for almost a year before taking the matter to the court. The courts of appeal agreed with Rigby assertions that there was a breach of contract because of the unilateral decision of the company. On appeal, the House of Lords maintained the rulings from the lower courts, granting Mr. Rigby compensation for the shortfall of his wages (Velluti, 2011). The House of Lords held that by continuing to work, it did not necessarily mean that Rigby had an implied consent to the changes in the contract (Countouris, 2007). In t he case law involving Autoclenz Company against Belcherz, the Supreme Court of England denoted that an employer has a right to negotiate the provisions of his or her contract. In the case, Mr. Belcher worked for Auto Clenz limited as a valeter. Autoclenz got into a contract with British Car Auctions to provide valeting services, making Belcher and his coworkers have nothing to do. They claimed pay for the hours of work they were idle, and the company refused stating that they were self-employed, as per their contract. The main issue under concern in this case is whether Belcher and his co-workers were employees, or self-employed personnel. The Supreme Court ruled that the valeters were workers within the organization, and therefore had a contract of employment. On this basis, because there was inequality in the level in which the employees would bargain with the company (Mathijsen, 1995), the company had to consult with the workers on any issue that affects them. However in the 2010 case that involved Asda Stores against Bateman, the British Employment Tribunal denoted that an employer had the right to vary the provisions of an employee’s contract, without consulting them, if they had a variation in their employment contract with a clause that gave an employer such kind of powers. In this case, Asda Company sought to change its pay structure by reconciling the salaries of the older staff, with new employees. He consulted, the members of his older staff, and did not consult the new employees, for the

Classical empires of SEA critique + essay Research Paper

Classical empires of SEA critique + essay - Research Paper Example Eurocentric in this context implies a term having its origin from Western Europe, but with no historical significance to the historical context of SEA people. According to Aung-Thwin,2 when historians refer to the â€Å"classical† period in Southeast Asia, they are usually referring to the period between the ninth and fourteenth centuries AD. In other words, the use of the term â€Å"classical† refers to civilization of SEA ancient kingdoms. The term refers to specific dynamics in the past considered critical in shaping the current dynamics in SEA countries. Moreover, as Aung-Twin argues, the word â€Å"classical† in SEA historical context was only recently used. Its use gained root in lectures and seminars during the 1960s and 1970s by western history scholars.3 Importantly, the term â€Å"classical† was first used when a group of western scholars of SEA studies met in 1977 to discuss â€Å"indigenous conceptual systems† among the â€Å"Indic† states.4 After some heated discussions among the scholars in the conference, the term â€Å"Indic† was deliberately replaced by the term â€Å"clas sical,† and all the following scholastic work in SEA studies started bearing the term â€Å"classical† instead. Essentially, the aim of the scholars was to separate the SEA historical context into distinct and systematic periods that successfully built on one another, similar to the European pre-medieval to post medieval periods. Therefore, judging from these dynamics, the term â€Å"classical† is Eurocentric and does not have any relevancy or meaning to the SEA people regarding their history. In addition, the current breed of scholars have refrained from writing anything about the classical SEA as people are more and more becoming aware of Eurocentrism, which is portrayed as a biased interpretation of history. The fact that earlier scholars chose to dwell on â€Å"classicalness† of SEA may be because they were Western educated, different from the current

Design a selection process for 'intuitive and creative' individuals, Essay

Design a selection process for 'intuitive and creative' individuals, jojning a Business Psychology consultancy - Essay Example The next task is to choose the best method or to combine different methods by which to distinguish these personal qualities and aptitudes. Checking on the individual’s educational background and work experience are quite useful. Administering psychological tests also present a valid measure of mental ability and personality. All these can be further corroborated through a series of interviews. What is important though in the selection process is that the selection ratio - the relationship between the number of people to be hired and the number of applicants – is such that the number of persons available for hiring is higher than the number needed to be hired. Otherwise, a shortage in the labour supply could mean lowering down company expectations just to fill in the position. In specific, this write up aims to present a selection procedure for a business psychology consultancy that is in need of intuitive and creative individuals. A business psychology consultancy is a type of organization which is primarily involved in providing corporate tools for the growth and development of various enterprising institutions. They may provide direction for organizational leaders, operational support for efficient delivery, and insight for making the right business decisions (Achieving Edge, 2009, para. 1). There a lot of business psychology consultancy firms that mushroom everywhere. As such, there is a need to include intuitive and creative individuals who can help set the consultancy apart from all of them. Dunn (2003) cites that intuitive persons can be someone who is an only child, is awake at night most of the time, has a special ability in one or more of the arts, possibly dyslexic or gifted, and prefers to be alone on a regular basis. Moreover, people who have a stronger tendency towards intuition observe patterns and make impressions about them. They think in abstract terms and look

Recommendation Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recommendation Report - Assignment Example By becoming energy efficient the company becomes cost efficient which provides not only the economic benefit but also a marketing benefit. One way YEG can tap into the eco-consumer market is by providing LED light bulbs that reduce utility bills by up to 80% and have the lifespan of as long as 20 years. In this report, a cost benefit analysis of LED bulbs and its non-LED counterparts will be done and the pros and cons of each product will be analyzed. Green Marketing Analysis Green marketing is essentially the, â€Å"consumption an disposal of products and services happen in a manner that is less detrimental to the environment† (Choudhary & Gokarn, 2013). With the rise in the awareness about nonbiodegradeable waste, impact of toxic pollutants and global warming, marketers are consumers are now shifting towards green marketing and becoming more environmentally conscious. We believe YEG can achieve success in green marketing if three key principles given below are followed (Chou dhary & Gokarn, 2013): Consumer Value Positioning Calibration of Consumer Knowledge Credibility of Product Claim Customers are looking for these three principles when they consider the green products. Consumer value positioning entails providing a product that is just as good if not better, than its alternatives. The value that the customer is looking for should be present in the eco-friendly product. Calibration of consumer knowledge means that you educate the consumers about the specific environmentally friendly attributes of the product. This involves using the ‘green’ aspect of the product as a marketing tool. Marketing the product as a ‘green solution’ for their needs is essential as studies show that if all other things are constant, consumers will prefer the green alternative (Ginsberg & Bloom, 2004). Credibility of product claim means that the business should market the products’ benefits in a specific and meaningful manner. Studies show that consumers don’t like ‘green marketing’ if it is done as a, â€Å"token gesture flashed as eye candy on market literature† (Univsersity of Vermont, 2012). Hence credibility of the claims being made is important while implementing this strategy. Keeping in mind these three principles that the customers require, if YEG will provide a product that delivers on all three factors with its value and is a ‘green solution’ then YEG can tap into this market. Annotated Bibliography Mishra, P., & Sharma, P. (2012). Green Marketing: Challenges and Opportunities for Business. Journal of Marketing and Communication, 8(1), 35-41 This paper analyzes the need for green marketing in a business, the goals of green marketing and the challenges associated with it. It also examines the benefits it can give to the business if implemented properly and the role this strategy will play in the future. The core theme of this paper was how to pursue green marketing along w ith its environmental and social dimensions. It suggests that environmental impact assessment must be done in a systemized and effective manner. The three goals that companies must achieve to become ecofriendly include: Cleaning up their products by eliminating hazardous substances, take back and recycle products and reduce climate impact. The marketers should educate the consumers about the benefits of green products and form a policy that addresses their need for a quality product that does not

Frankenstein and Monster Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein and Monster Essay In the society we live in, it is apparent that we as humans have a sense of power over all other living species. We have the ability to house-train a cat, teach a dog to guide the blind, or kill a rabid animal if we feel threatened. It is our ability to think and act upon our thoughts after deliberation that allows to us to rein over the animal world. In Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Shelley examines how being human correlates directly with division of power in society by delineating the physical and emotional interactions between both Frankenstein and the monster throughout the novel. At the start of the book, Shelley depicts Doctor Victor Frankenstein as a human figure who is able to control his creation’s future. However, as time passes, Frankenstein becomes increasingly inhumane and his sanity is threatened along with his ability to dominate the monster’s life. As Frankenstein is losing his sense of humanity and control, the monster is gaining both. Though he starts off a powerless, unrefined brute, as the novel progresses the creature adopts a few human tendencies and gradually gains the ability to control his own creator’s future with his actions. Thus throughout the novel it becomes clear, when each character is in their most human state, they hold the most power over the other. During the two characters’ initial encounter with each other, Shelley depicts Frankenstein as having complete power over the monster’s future. The night Frankenstein â€Å"[beholds] the accomplishment of [his] toils† (43), he describes the moments leading up to the monster’s birth: â€Å"†¦ I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet† (43). This single line demonstrates the ultimate power Frankenstein has over his creation at that point in time. He alone has the ability to instill life into the inanimate creature lying before him. In addition, Frankenstein’s elevated cognitive capability, which he has because he is human, allows him to create the monster in the first place. His ability to read, understand, process, and apply knowledge he has learned in the past, as well his capacity to experience emotions such as desire and attachment puts him at a great advantage over the monster who, initially, could not â€Å"learn to distinguish between the operations of [his] various senses† (90). Because Frankenstein is human and has the power of knowledge, he is able to create the monster as well as decide whether it lives or not. Though he has the ability to bring his creature to life, Frankenstein’s unchallenged dominance over his creation is immediately threatened once the monster awakens. As soon as the creature opens his eyes, Frankenstein describes his feelings about the atrocious being. â€Å"I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body†(43), he recounts. This instant reaction of abhorrence to the newly living ‘thing’ demonstrates that the monster does have influence on Frankenstein’s emotions and, thus, a minor form of control over the doctor’s being. Though the monster begins to leave an imprint on Frankenstein, it is still evident that Frankenstein has a decisive role on how the monster grows and functions in the world. As the creator, Frankenstein is theoretically obliged to â€Å"owe [the monster] all the portion of happiness that [is] in [his] power to bestow† (135), but he does not fulfill that obligation. Instead, he begins his relationship with the brute with no affection. After dismissing the creature with absolute horror, Frankenstein flees his home trying â€Å"to avoid the wretch whom [he] fear[s] every turning of the street would present† (45). When he eventually returns home, his ‘apartment [is] empty and [his] bedroom [is] also freed from its hideous guest† (45). The actions Frankenstein takes by trying to stay away from his creation demonstrate the hate and lack of humanity he has for the creature. This directly influences the way the monster begins his life in the real world. Had Frankenstein taken care of his ‘child’, the monster may have become acclimatized with society instead of living as a â€Å"hideous monster† (131) or a â€Å"filthy mass that moved and talked† (136). After the monster is abandoned by his creator, he is left to fend for himself. As he adopts human tendencies such as learning to discern his emotions and developing the ability to speak the human language, French, he learns to live life on his own. Not only do the monster’s new-found emotions and ability to communicate make him capable of living alone, but the progression of his rational thinking process also demonstrates his humanness and competence. Before introducing himself to De Lacey’s family, he first thinks of the consequences of an illiterate, dumb monster. â€Å"Although I eagerly longed to discover myself to the cottagers, I ought not to make the attempt until I had first become a master of their language† (101), the monster recounts. This notion of a rational thinking process is unique to humans and necessary to a happy survival. The monster’s new found capabilities prove he can live without his creator and thus, while the monster gains control over his own life, Frankenstein further loses his ability to control the creature, as he is no longer needed for the monster to live. When the monster, fueled by his recently acquired ability to seek revenge, strangles William, Frankenstein’s sanity and humanity begins to crumble and his power over the monster disappears. Frankenstein’s controlled nature deteriorates when he has a gut feeling it is the monster who killed William rather than Justine, as â€Å"nothing in a human shape could have destroyed that fair child† (63). He cannot tell anyone the truth because no one else knows of Frankenstein’s experiment and he is afraid they will think him a mad man. This inability to share his thoughts and feelings causes him to go into a guilty frenzy because he blames the deaths on himself: â€Å"Thus spoke my prophetic soul, as, torn by remorse, horror and despair, I beheld those I loved spend vain sorrow upon the graves of William and Justine, the first hapless victims to my unhallowed arts† (119). This line captures the vulnerability Frankenstein experiences as well as the immense control the monster is gaining over Frankenstein’s emotions. By killing a single person, Shelley shows that the monster is able to distort both Frankenstein’s mental well-being and cause him to go into a mild, inhumane frenzy. As the story progresses, Shelley depicts the gradual deterioration of Frankenstein’s health and loss of power over his creation. The doctor loses complete influence over his monster after he refuses to make a female version of the brute. Before this point, Frankenstein still kept a sliver of control over the creature’s future because if he created the female, the monster would â€Å"go to the vast wilds of South America† and neither Frankenstein â€Å"nor any other human being shall see [them] again† (135). Once Frankenstein destroys his plans for the partner, however, the monster launches into a fit of rage: â€Å"Remember that I have power; you believe yourself miserable, but I can make you so wretched that the light of day will be hateful to you. You are my creator, but I am your master; obey!† (157). It is here that the monster’s fury fueled words illustrate the true nature of the relationship between the creature and his creator; that though Frankenstein initially had the ability to create the monster, the monster grew to be aware of his own superiority. He realized that his physical stature, along with his acquired human-like mental strength, allowed him to control both his own and Frankenstein’s ability to be happy and healthy. Once the monster takes away all of Frankenstein’s happiness by murdering the doctor’s loved ones, Frankenstein loses complete control over himself, becomes entirely inhumane, vowing to murder the monster. The doctor looses all sense of rational thinking and revenge is the only desire that keeps Frankenstein alive throughout the last pages of the novel. He â€Å"dared not die and leave his adversary in being† (192). This notion of solely living for another being establishes the fact that the monster does in fact have ultimate domination over all of his creator’s feelings and actions. As the monster, throughout the duration of the novel, has gained the ability to understand, process, and apply knowledge, he realizes he is the only aspect of his creator’s life that Frankenstein is living for. Thus, the monster has the option to keep Frankenstein alive by leaving a path of bread crumbs for his creator or to let him die with no trace of his creation. Hence, the novel comes full circle. At the start of the book, Frankenstein has the ultimate decision to give life to his creature or to leave him as a jumble of body parts. However by the end, the characters reverse the dominance in the relationship, and it becomes clear that the creature has the ability to keep his creator alive or leave him for death. By detailing the deterioration of Frankenstein’s humanity, while showing the monster’s acquisition of human characteristics, Shelley is able to demonstrate how being human allows for one to have power over another. Being able to rationally process and comprehend information, as well as reason with certain ideas, are unique qualities we as humans possess that put us at an advantage over other species and ultimately put the monster dominance over Frankenstein.

Current Voltage Relation of Different Memristor Models

Current Voltage Relation of Different Memristor Models Abstract: Memristor a two terminal passive non volatile device is considered as the fourth circuit element and can be used in many applications which includes memory, logic and neuromorphic systems. The memristor provides many advantages like scalability, compatibility with CMOS and offers no leakage current. Various models of memristor have been discussed in this paper. The main focus is on the Current-Voltage (IV) relation of different models and its simulation is done in Cadence Virtuoso. Index Terms- memristor, VerilogA, window function, SPICE, threshold. INTRODUCTION In 1971, L. O. Chua introduced the fourth passive circuit element named memristor which is two terminal non volatile device with a property of variable resistance known as memristance [1]. The memristance provides the relation in the time integrals of voltage and current. Originally, current controlled time invariant memristor is expressed as where w is state variable, v(t) is the device voltage, i(t) is the memristor device current, R(w, i) is the memristance and t is the time period. Since HP labs proclaimed the physical working model of memristor [2], it opens the doors to the new type of electronics. Some of the applications includes logic design [3] [4], memory [5], neuromorphic systems [6]. Different models of memristor have been deigned. Formally designed models does not contain threshold [2] [7] [8] (i.e. resistance changes for any current or voltage). The Threshold Adaptive Memristor model (TEAM )[9] and Voltage Threshold Adaptive Memristor model (VTEAM) [10] models exhibits the threshold current and threshold voltage respectively, are the most efficient models and less computational complexity. In this paper current-voltage relation of different models is implemented using VerilogA code. Section II describes the different types of memristor models. Comparison of memristor model is provided in section III. The paper is concluded in section IV. DIFFERENT MEMRISTOR MODELS Linear Ion Drift Model This is the first and basic model of memristor proposed by HP Labs [3]. This model has width which is splitted in two regions as shown in Figure 1. The region with width w is doped with positive oxygen ions (originally TiO2) and has low resistance therefore is more conductive and other side is undoped. Each region is modeled with resistor (in series). Various assumptions are considered i.e. ohmic conductance, uniform field and average ion mobility. RON is the resistance at w(t) = D and ROFF is the resistance at w(t) = 0 The state variable w(t) is bounded within the interval [0,D]. To prevent w from going beyond the physical dimensions of the device, the derivative of w is required to multiply by the window function. The IV relationship curve of linear ion drift model of memristor for sinusoidal input is shown in figure 2. Figure1: HP memristor model [1] Figure 2: IV curve of linear memristor model with 2-window function. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1, w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Non Linear Ion Drift Model Although the linear ion drift model of memristor is simple and satisfies the basic memristor equations. But as per the experiments of the fabricated device, it behaves differently i.e. it is highly non linear [11] [12]. The non linearity is desirable for logic circuits, therefore another memristor model have been proposed based on experimental results concluded in [11]. A model is [13] proposed. The relation between current and voltage for this model is Where ÃŽ ±, , are known as fitting parameters and parameter n describes the influence of state variable (w) on the currents. . Here, the state variable w is normalized within the interval [0,1]. The model shows asymmetric switching behavior, in a way that during the ON state, w is near one and the first term of, is the dominant part of the current, which is a tunneling phenomenon. During the OFF state, w is near zero and the second term, has the dominant part of the current, which is similar to an ideal diode equation. The state variable differential equation is written as where a, m are constants, f(w) is the window function and m is an odd integer. And there is a nonlinear dependency on voltage. The IV characteristics of this model is shown in figure 3. Figure3: IV curve of non linear ion drift model with 2-window function (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=1V, P_coeff=1, initial state=0.5, j=1, Alpha=2, Beta=9, C=0.01, g=4, n=13, q=13,a=4, w_multiplied=1, P_window_noise=1e-18) Figure 4: IV curve of simmons tunnel barrier model. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, D=3e-9m, initial state=0.5, aon=2e-9,aoff =1.2e-9, ion=8.9e-6, ioff=115e-6,con=40e-6, coff=3.5e-6,b=500e-6,Xc=107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Simmons Tunnel Barrier Model Another model having more accuracy than previous discussed model was proposed in [14]. The assumptions of this new model includes non-linearity and asymmetric switching behavior because of an exponential dependency of movement of ionized dopants i.e. changes in state variable. Physical model of this type has a resistor in series with electron tunnel barrier. The simmons tunnel barrier width x, is the state variable. So the derivative of x can be represented as oxygen vacancy drift velocity, and is: where b, con, coff, ion, ioff, aon, aoff are known as fitting parameters. Con is always greater than coff and they both effect the magnitude of change of x. The parameters ioff and ion define the current threshold. Another parameter aoff and aon gives the upper and lower bounds of x respectively. Within the range defined, the derivative of state variable x, is significantly smaller than state variable itself. Therefore, there is no need of window function that is the biggest advantage of this model. According to the simmons tunnel model, the relation between voltage and current can be expressed as: Where V is applied voltage and v is internal voltage of the device (it is not necessary that both voltages are equal [15] ). Based on the fitting parameters, the IV characteristics curve of the simmons tunnel barrier model is shown in figure 4. TEAM Model Before 2013, it was claimed that Simmons Tunnel Barrier model is the most accurate memristor model but it too has some limitations of complication, unexplicit relation in voltage and current and is not in general. Therefore a model with accuracy and simpler expressions is the main demand. The TEAM ( Threshold Adaptive Memristor model) is proposed by Shahar Kvatinsky [16]. This is simple and general model, physically similar to predefined model. Some assumptions can be made for analysis and for computational efficiency. Based on assumptions, state variable derivative of this model is expressed as where aon,aoff, kon,and koff are constants (koff is positive and kon is negative). foff(x) and fon (x) are the window functions, depends on state variable x. by assuming the current voltage relation is same as memristance of memristor which changes linearly in x. Therefore, but if Simmons Tunnel Barrier model is assumed then memristance changes exponentially and given as where ÃŽ » is the fitting parameter. The parameter Ron and Roff are resistances at bound and satisfies By tuning different parameters of the model, the VI curve of this model is showm in figure11. According to [9], it is claimed that the accuracy of TEAM model is more enough having mean error of 0.2%. VTEAM Model Many experiments on memristive devices shown the existence of threshold voltage [2] [16] [17] instead of threshold current. Therefore, Shahar Kvatinsky designs the new model i.e. VTEAM model [10] (Voltage Threshold Adaptive Memristor model), contains threshold voltage. Another reason for the existence of this model is that a memristor exhibiting threshold voltage is more desirable than the threshold current in many applications of memory and logic [10]. The advantages of TEAM model (i.e. general, accurate, simple, designer friendly) combines with threshold voltage in spite of threshold current gives the VTEAM model. Similar to the state variable derivative of TEAM model, the state variable derivative of VTEAM model is where koff, kon ÃŽ ±off and ÃŽ ±on are constants. Parameters voff and von are threshold voltages. The window functions fon and foff defines the dependency of state variable derivative on state variable w. for VTEAM model, the current voltage relation is not properly defined but the linear dependency of state variable and resistance can be attained, from where current voltage relation is where woff and won gives bounds of state variable w. The curve for the IV relation of VTEAM memristor model is depicted as in figure 6. Figure 5: IV curve of TEAM model with 4-window type. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1.5, aon=2.3e-9, aoff =1.2e-9, ion=-1e-6, ioff=1e-6, kon=-8e-13, koff=8e13, xon=0, xoff=3e-9, aon=3,aoff=3, Xc =107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Figure6: IV curve of VTEAM model without window function. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=1V, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1.5, aon=2e-9, aoff =1.2e-9, von=-0.2 voff=0.02, kon=-8e-13, koff=8e13, xon=0, xoff=3e-9, aon=3,aoff=3, Xc =107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) COMPARISON Comparison of different models of memristor is listed in table1. Table 1: Comparison between diffent memristor models. CONCLUSION In this paper, different models of memristor- linear ion drift model, non linear ion drift model, simmons tunnel barrier model, TEAM model and VTEAM model are described. Moreover the VI characteristics of each model is simulated. The VI curve for VTEAM model is most efficient and desirable. Also VTEAM and TEAM models are simple, general and accurate. The VI characteristics of each model is implemented by using verilogA code [18] because of its effiency regarding computational time than SPICE model. REFERENCES L. O. Chua, â€Å"Memristor – The Missing Circuit Element,† IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 507-519, 1971. D. B. Strukov, G. S. Snider, D. R. Stewart, and R. S. Williams, The Missing Memristor Found,† Nature, Vol. 453, No. 7191, pp. 80-83, 2008. G. Snider, â€Å"Computing with hysteretic resistor crossbars†, Applied Physics A, Material Science Process, vol. 80, page 1165-1172, 2005. S. Kvatinsky, E. G. Friedman, A. Kolodny, and U. C. Wieser, â€Å"Memristor-based IMPLY logic design procedure†, Proceedings IEEE International Conference Computational Design, page 142-147, 2011. G. M. Huang, Y. Ho, and P. Li, â€Å"Nonvolatile memristor memory: Device characteristics and design implication†, Proceedings IEEE International Conference Computer Aided Design, page 485-490, 2009. A. Ayatollahi, A. Afifi, and F. Raissi, â€Å"Implementation of biologically plausible spiking neural network models on memristor crossbar-based CMOS/Nano circuits,† Proceedings Eur. Conference Circuit Theory Design, page 563-566, 2009. E. Lehtonen and M. Laiho, CNN Using Memristors for Neighborhood Connections, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cellular Nanoscale Networks and their Applications, pp. 1-4, February 2010. M. D. Pickett et al., Switching Dynamics in Titanium Dioxide Memristive Devices, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 106, No. 7, pp. 1-6, October 2009. S. Kvatinsky, A. Kolodny, U. C. Wieser, and E. G. Friedman, â€Å"TEAM: ThrEshold Adaptive Memristor Model†, IEEE Transactions on circuits and Systems 1: Regular Papers, page 211-221, 2013. S. Kvatinsky, M. Ramadan, E. G. Friedman, and A. Kolodny, â€Å"VTEAM – A General Model for Voltage Controlled Memristors†, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, page- 1-5, 2014. J. J. Yang, M. D. Pickett, X. Li, D. R. Stewart, and R. S. Williams, â€Å"Memristive switching mechanism for metal/oxide/metal nanodevice†, Nature Nanotechnology, page 429-433, 2008. R. S. Williams, and D. B. Strukov, â€Å"Exponential ionic drift: Fast switching and low volatility of thin- film memristor†, Applied Physics A. Material Sci. Process., page 515-519, 2009. M. Laiho, and E. Lehtonen, â€Å"CNN using memristors for neighborhood connections†, Proceedings International Workshop Cell. Nanoscale Network Their Applications, page 1-4, 2010. D. B. Strukov, J. J. Yang, M. D. Pickett, and J. L. Borghetti, â€Å"Switching dynamics in titanium dioxide memristive devices†, Journal Applied Physics, page 1-6, 2009. J. G. Simmons, â€Å" Generalized formula for the electric tunnel effect between similar electrodes separated by thin insulating film†, Journal Applied Physics, page 1793-1803, 1963. A. Chanthbouala, et al., A Ferroelectric Memristor., Nature materials, page 860-864, 2010. D. Liu, et al., Analog Memristors Based on Thickening/Thinning of Ag Nanofilaments in Amorphous Manganite Thin Films, ACS Applied Materials Interfaces, page 11258-11264, 2013.

Egypts Age Of Reform

Egypts Age Of Reform Muhammad Ali Pasha, or Mehmet Ali PaÃ…Å ¸a, was the ruler of Egypt for 43 years (1805 to 1848). He is regarded in history as the founder of modern Egypt. Muhammad Ali was born to an Albanian family in Kavala which is modern day Greece. He worked first in the tobacco industry as a merchant until he became part of the Ottoman army. He first came to Egypt with the army to rid the country of the French expedition. After successfully liberating Egypt in 1801, Muhammad Ali started to gain interest in ruling Egypt. He made efforts to reach the power in Egypt until he successfully did in 1805 (. Throughout his rule, Mohammed Ali introduced many reforms of all kinds in order to achieve his goal which was to turn Egypt into a modern country. Although he was not a pure Egyptian, Mohammed Ali ruled Egypt with love and determination to make it an independent country. He was a true visionary; his efforts of reform indeed were successful in creating a period of renaissance that benefited Egypt in numerous ways. He was able to strengthen, unify, and most importantly modernize Egypt in a period of 43 years. What encouraged Muhammad Ali to insist on reforming Egypt were two reasons. First he felt that it is a country that had such a rich history and civilization, deserved to be modernized and independent. The second reason was that Egypt had a strategic geographical location that he felt had the potential of making it one of the most advanced countries. Mohammed Alis reforms did not only focus on one area, but rather on numerous fields which included the military, agriculture, industry, and education. All in which took Egypt steps further ahead and transformed it from being an ordinary state run under the rule of the Ottoman Empire into being an independent country and one of the most developed countries outside of Europe. His main goal was to build a strong army. However, the shortage of revenue was a major obstacle that hindered him from achieving his goal. As a result, he extended the governments control onto all of Egypts resources in order to enable him to plan and manage a way to generate more revenue that would enable him to carry on his reform plans. Furthermore, Muhammad Ali realized that if he was to build a strong army, he had not only to focus on Egypts military sector, but also on all the other sectors in order to establish a powerful economy. Military Reforms Muhammad Alis military reforms were very smart and served Egypts interest. He realized that the army was not strong enough. Its main weakness was that its soldiers were a mixture between Turks, Albanians, and Mamluks and therefore, there was no sense of nationalism or unity. He also realized that the European armies were more advanced since they were using modern weaponry and techniques whereas his army was not which posed a threat to Egypts security. As a result, Ali was determined to create a new army. He had made several attempts to build a new army. His first attempt on August 1815 was to appoint Egyptian farmers however, together both Albanians and men of religion opposed him and threatened his life which caused Ali create another plan. His second attempt was to appoint Sudanese men, yet his plan also failed primarily due to the fact that Sudanese soldiers had no feeling of nationalism towards Egypt and therefore, were not driven to join the army and protect Egypt. His third and final attempt in 1820 was to once more appoint Egyptian Muslim farmers. This attempt succeeded yet it was strongly opposed by the Turkish aristocrats who feared that by giving Egyptians power in the army that they would use it against the Ottomans (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  , 59). It was also opposed by the farmers themselves since they did not find any benefits to them being part of the army (Ø ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  , 142). However, according to Mouriez in his book Modern Egypt from 1840 to 1857 he states that the farmers quickly got used to their new lives as part of the army and were proud to be the army men of Muhammad Ali since they found that the title was prestigious (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  , 59). In a period of 10 years the army reached a total number of 130,000 soldiers which was a relatively large number considering that the population of Egypt as a whole was about 3.5 mi llion (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡,125). In order to train the army, Mohammed Ali used the aid of a French colonel Seve who was later known as Suleiman Pasha after he converted to Islam (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, 125). Although he was French, Suleiman Pasha played a huge role into modernizing the army. Mohammed Ali had great hopes in him and trusted that he would be able to make the Egyptian army similar to those armies of Europe. Under the control of Suleiman Pasha, the army moved to Aswan as a location for training. For a period of three years the army was placed under constant training that was aimed at organizing, strengthen, and unifying the soldiers as one (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  , 62). In addition to training the army Mohammed Ali also sent military missions to Europe. This indicates that as a ruler he was not only planning short term goals for Egypt, but also long-term one that would benefit Egypt for more years to come. What is admirable about Muhammad Alis techniques in reforming the army was that he was not ashamed to admit that he wanted to imitate the army of his enemy. In my opinion it was smart of him to seek help from European experts to train the Egyptian army. Industrial Reforms Although Muhammad Ali used the aid of European states, his plan was to use it only for a short period of time. In other words he was clever in seeking foreign help in order to build Egypt, yet the beauty in his plan was how he managed to transform Egypt from a dependent country to an independent country. One of Mohammed Alis main goals was to limit import substitution in Egypt. He wanted to manufacture his own weapons for the Egyptian army and stop depending on European states for aid. However, Muhammad Ali could not have industrialized Egypt without the helping hand of Europe at first. His plan was to import machinery and experts from Europe. Then he would imitate the machinery by building similar ones in Egypt under the supervision of the European experts who trained the Egyptian labor (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, 75). One of the most successful industries was the military industry. The reason to why he decided on establishing a military industry in particular was because he usually faced two problems when importing weapons from Europe. First, Egypt did no always have enough money to buy weaponry and secondly, was because often some European countries refused to export their weaponry to Egypt. As a result, Muhammad Ali was determined to make Egypt rely on its own production (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, 75). He established the first arsenal in 1816 to produce cannons and munitions. He also established arsenals in Alexandria, Cairo, Rosetta, and Bulaq to produce arms and naval ships. Not only was Egypt now manufacturing to meet its needs, but also it was manufacturing at very high quality (Owen,71). In addition to the military industry, Muhammad Ali established textile factories starting from the year 1815 to further decrease Egypts import bill and to compete against the finished goods coming from India. He would supply the raw materials from Egypts local production of cotton and whenever the factories faced a shortage of raw materials, Muhammad Ali would order that more land be cultivated to produce more output (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, 75). Moreover, Muhammad Ali established factories for the production of silk starting from the year 1816 with the first factory in Khoronfish. In addition, there was the establishment of 3 factories for the production of sugar in 1818, and a factory for leather (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, 75). Agricultural Reforms Moving to the agricultural reforms, it is clear that Muhammad Ali relied less on European aid and more on the efforts of the government and the locals. Although the reforms might have seemed harsh, yet Egypt would have never been strong without the implementation of Muhammad Alis policies. In order to transform the agricultural sector into a more modern one and in order to increase Egypts revenue coming from this sector, Mohammed Ali had to go through several steps in order to achieve his ultimate goal. First, he ended the Iltizam system in Egypt since he realized that a large part of Egypts land tax was going to the Multazims instead of the government (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, 98). He first abolished the Iltizam system in 1812 in Upper Egypt and then in 1814 abolished it in Lower Egypt. In order to replace the Multazims, Mohammed Ali appointed Coptic clerks as the ones responsible to collect the tax. In addition, he used the village sheikhs to perform surveillance among the tax collection in order for him to ensure that the taxes reach the government (Owen,65). Moreover, Muhammed Ali introduced new crops for cultivation. One of the most important crops that were introduced is long staple cotton in 1821. Farmers cultivated long staple cotton intensively. In fact, the government itself encouraged farmers to cultivate it by giving them animals on credit, and cotton seeds for free. In addition, the government distributed cotton gins and presses in villages and used the help of experts from Syria and Anatolia to aid the farmers in the cultivation of the crops. As a result, there was a large increase in Egypts revenue. Almost 33% of revenue coming to Egypt came from cotton, which allowed the government to fund the expansion of its army (Owen, 66-67). Egypts cotton was highly demanded by French and British textile factories. In addition their output increased tremendously in six years from 944 cantars in 1821 to 34,300 cantars In addition, Muhammad Ali introduced a new system to the agricultural sector which is known as the Monopoly system. Under the Monopoly system, Muhammad Ali considered himself as the owner of all the land of Egypt. He nationalized all land in Egypt and banned the private trade of numerous crops. Under the Monopoly system, Muhammed Ali divided the land among the farmers so that each farmer would get from 3 to 5 feddans to cultivate and gave away 4% of the total area of land in each village to the village sheikhs. As long as each farmer paid the land tax, they had the freedom to choose the crops that they were going to cultivate. After the crops were cultivated, the farmers were responsible to hand in all their output to the government. The government would then buy the crops from the farmers at a price lower than the international price and sell it in the international market at the international price. As a result, the money that Egypt would make out of this monopoly would go to the industrial sector in order to achieve the goals of having an industrial sector that was strong enough to compete on its own both locally and on an international level (Ø ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  , 156). As a result Mohammed Ali had complete control of 95% of Egypts exports. Meanwhile, h e only controlled 1/3 of the total imports of Egypt. The reason why he did not have much control over Egypts imports was due to the pressure of European states on the Ottoman government set a law in 1820 that allowed foreign merchants to export goods to the Ottoman Empire was an import rate of 3% only. Therefore, despite the fact that Muhammad Ali wanted to protect Egypts local production, he could not go against the laws that the Ottoman empire had set on the importation of European goods (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡,72). In addition, Mohammed Ali increased the area of cultivated land by 164960 feddans. However, in order to increase this area, he had to carry irrigational projects. He ordered the digging of new canals and the clearing of old ones in order to ensure that there was a constant supply of water reaching the lands. Some of the most famous canals of that time and that are still found today are Mahmudiya Canal, the Delta Barrage, and Al Anater Al Khayreia (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, 72). Moreover, the government confiscated all the Waqf land since its owners could not proof that their land was in fact Waqf. As a result of Muhammad Alis efforts to transform the agricultural sector, Egypts revenue increased tremendously. Since more land was being cultivated, there was more production. More production meant an increase in exportation, and finally this led to an increase in revenue. Although many could argue that the monopoly system is not a democratic system and therefore, one should not be praised for applying it, in Egypts case applying the monopoly system was the most ideal solution for increasing revenue. However, only because Muhammad Ali was not driven by greed did this system work. However, if it was someone other than Muhammad Ali then there would have been a chance that the money surplus would have gone to waste. Educational Reforms The educational sector is by far the sector that benefited Egypt the most on the long run. In my opinion, if Muhammad Ali was not a believer in education then no matter how much he tried to reform the military, industrial, or agricultural sectors Egypt would have still remained insignificant. Mohammed Ali, highly believed in the value of education. Although, he was illiterate until he reached his forties, Mohammed Ali encouraged Egyptians to read and educate themselves. In fact, Abdel-Rahman Al-Jabarti, an Egyptian historian, mentioned in his chronicale Ajaib al-athar fil tarajim wal-akhbar, that Mohammed Ali admired and was taken by the intelligence and receptivity of learning that was evident in Egyptians. In fact, he tells a story of a man named Hussein Jalabi Ajwa, an Egyptian who invented a devise for grinding rice. When his invention was shown to Mohammed Ali, Ali was very impressed and concluded that Egyptians were in fact smart and therefore, deserved to have schools for education (El Gemeiy). Before Mohammed Alis efforts for reform in the educational sector, education in Egypt was limited to religious studies and Islamic law. Moreover, before his reign Egypt reached a very low state in education. A primary reason to why it reached this stage was due to the fact that the Ottomans did not possess any sort of valuable knowledge that they could pass on. In fact the Ottomans were weak in Arabic which resulted in Turkish becoming the main language (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ). However, seeing European states advance using their modern sciences drove Mohammed Ali to transfer knowledge from the West to the East. His admiration of the European method of education made Mohammed Ali more determined to introduce modern education first time to Egypt. Moreover, he felt that Egypt needed employees who were well trained and specialized; in addition he realized that it needed well trained army officers. As a result, Muhammad Ali introduced a new system of education in hopes that it will elevate Egyptians. The main reason to why Muhammad Ali wanted to introduce a better education was because he felt that by having one it would create a strong backbone for the Egyptian army since the army needed to be updated with the modern military methods (El Gemeiy). In addition, it needed doctors, translators, teachers, engineers and specialized experts in many different fields in order for it to be considered a strong army (El Gemeiy). As a result, Muhammed Ali was keen on introducing secular education. Instead of establishing an educational system that started with primary schools, Mohammed Ali first established specialized schools and then moved to the establishment of middle and primary schools. His plan was to establish specialized institutes, bring foreign instructors to teach, send educational missions to Europe, and finally translated European books into Turkish and Arabic (Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ). The process of reforming the educational sector was long, yet it benefited Egypt greatly. During the first stage from the year 1811 to 1836, 67 new schools were introduced in Egypt. Although, all schools were run under the control of the department of Military, each school had its own unique system, meaning that each school created its own rules. One of the most important schools that were established during his reign was the school of Medicine. This school was established in 1827 in an area called Abu Zaabal. Its main goal was to graduate doctors who could work for the Egyptian army. The school grew to be very prestigious. Later in 1830 the School of Pharmacology was established followed by the School of Obstetrics which was established a year later together with the school of Veterinary Medicine. The schools proved to be a great success. In fact they graduated 420 doctors and pharmacists that worked for the army afterwards (El Gemeily). In 1837 the school of medicine was relocated in Cairo and was built by Ahmed Al-Aini. It was later known as Qasr Al-Aini. Furthermore, Muhammed Ali established agricultural colleges. Al-Darsakhana al-malakiya (The Royal Academy), established in the year 1830, was the first agricultural college to be introduced. Not only did it teach agricultural sciences, but also taught Arabic and Farsi. Later in 1833, an agricultural college in Shubra Al Kheima was established. Another college that was established in 1836 was in Nabruh in which its instructors were made up of the Egyptian student body who went on missions to Europe (Ø ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  , 162). One of the first schools he established was Al Mohandes Khana (School of Engineering) which was created in 1816. The government imported all the machinery and tools needed for the school from England. In addition, he made its education for free and gave the students a monthly salary. Later in 1834 he created another similar engineering school in Bolak (Ø ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  , 162). Moreover, a proof that Muhammed Ali was sincere in his goal of translating Western knowledge to the East, was the establishment of Al Alson Academy, an institute that . Several military schools were established during the reign of Muhammad Ali. The Artillery Academy, the Cavalry Academy, was established in 1831. Their aim was to graduate a labor force that would be useful for the Egyptian army. Furthermore, a naval academy was established under Muhammad Ali. This academy proved to be very successful to an extend that its naval fleet equaled that of the Ottoman Empire not only in size, but also in strength and skill (El Gemeiy). During the period between the years 1836-1841, Muhammed Ali realized that more order should be placed in the educational sector. Therefore, he established Diwan al-madaris (the Department of Schools) to take over the educational sector instead of the Department of Military. Was established in order to organize and take control of the educational sector in Egypt. During this stage the establishment of preparatory schools took place. As was mentioned previously, Mohammed Ali was keen on sending educational mission to Europe. He realized that by sending students to Europe would open these students to a more modern way of thinking so that when they come back to Egypt they can implement what they have seen in Europe. The missions involved all educational fields meaning that students were sent to study military sciences, agriculture, engineering, mathematics, medicine, and many other fields of study. The total number of students sent on these missions added up to 319 students. In my opinion, the educational sector was the sector that received the most beneficial reforms. If it was not for Muhammad Ali, then this sector would have probably remained stagnant. It would have been nearly impossible to modernize and evolve Egypt without having an educational sector. To conclude, Mohammed Alis reforms were aimed at elevating Egypt as a whole. Although his main goal was to create a strong army, Muhammad Ali understood that in order to achieve his goal he has to build a strong economy as well. Many might oppose him for using the aid of European countries especially since he played a role in ending the French Expedition in Egypt, however, in my opinion I find that his plan was ideal. The main reason why is because by doing so Muhammad Ali proves that he is a smart ruler who would do anything to bring his country further ahead. Furthermore, even though he was not purely Egyptian, Muhammad Ali ruled with love for Egypt. As a result, not only did he carry out his policies to achieve short-term goals, but also he established long-term goals that would make Egypt a modern country that was not just a state under the Ottoman Empire. As a result of all the reforms Egypt ended up with more local production, more exports, limited imports, better education, an d a stronger army.

Not In My Backyard Attitude Interferes with Resolutions Essay -- Argum

Not In My Backyard Attitude Interferes with Resolutions Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) conflicts have many characteristics that make successful resolutions difficult to achieve. A typical NIMBY conflict, such as a proposal for a landfill site in a vacant lot behind a low-income housing district, often carries with it controversial problems of environmental justice, distributional equity, and procedural justice. The public affected by the Locally Unwanted Land Use (LULU) raises questions such as à £why me?à ¤ and à £you're targeting me just because I'm a minority.à ¤ Some people find out they are affected by a LULU after it is approved, and claim that they had no notification about the proposed project. Another type of problem with land use conflict centers on the local groups opposed to the project. These people, or NIMBYs, are generally underfunded, highly stressed, inexperienced in negotiation, and lacking political power. They want to participate meaningfully in the decision-making process about their LULU, but many find it difficult to obtain anything but an adversarial position in the process. Power, status, and wealth are the key attributes to gaining attention and consideration from the broader community. Unfortunately, most public NIMBYs are minorities, live in rural areas, live in the South, or have middle- to lower-class incomes (Morris, 1994). In their defense, though, NIMBYs can make harmful land uses difficult to site by creating gridlock on current standard operating procedures. NIMBY groups may break apart in the middle of the negotiating process, often due to internal power struggles. When this happens, the group tends to lose essential credibility, funding, and support from the greater public, which can become co... ...tor, 1992). Perhaps the LULU risk that the public is hearing from the à £expertsà ¤ is in fact inaccurate. As a future recommendation for NIMBY conflicts, both the public and technical community views should be treated as problematic. Also, there should not be such a stereotypical view of leaders of activist groups as being irrational, over-emotional, or ill informed. Finally, NIMBY activists should see themselves as part of the situation that the project will address, instead of focusing on just the narrow issue of opposing the project. They must see the larger picture and be willing to offer and maybe help implement alternatives to the project. References Freudenburg, W. R. & Pastor, S.K. 1992. NIMBYs and LULUs: Stalking the Syndromes. Journal of Social Issues, 48: 39-61. Morris, J.A. 1994. Not In My Backyard à ¶ The Handbook. San Diego: Silvercat Publications.