Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl | Analysis

Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl AnalysisLinda faces sexual curse for the father of her schoolmi direction Dr. obdurate. He is a licentious and brutish young-begetting(prenominal), like several slaveholders, tries to get at Linda his concubine, and subjects her to many years of sexual harassment. Linda describes the anger and shock she felt through with(predicate) with(predicate) his sadistic attacks on her individual autonomy. According to Jacobs (18), Linda narrates that when Flint told her that she was made for his use, meant to go after all his commands, that she was nonhing further a slave, whose will should and must drive home to his. Flint murmured im gross(a) things in Lindas ears, wrote impure allowters but she affect that she could non hear or she could non read. She shuns his advances by usually macrocosm in presence of former(a)s and she displays an incredible exp mavennt over and opposition of Flints will.The wife of Dr. Flint is brutal and callo us woman who constantly enjoys the despair of the slaves. some other(prenominal) than confronting her spouse as a result of his lecherous deeds, she displays her respect to male power and blames Linda as the cause of her spouses lust. Because she does not ask much power to spatele the issue, Mrs. Flint jealously and hatred to Linda enlarges and she turns out to be haunt with trailing her e very(prenominal) step. Linda elucidates that a thing that commands approbation in the washcloth female only speeds up the deprivation of the woman slave (Jacobs, 28).Dr. Flint who is Lindas master and enemy has legal rights to do anything he feels like to Linda, but desires to seduce her through threatening and tricking her other than taping her. All through the novel, Linda consistently goes against him and disobeys to curb a sexual affair with him. This infuriates Dr. Flint and he quickly fixates over the opinion of contravening her unruly spirit. Flint never distinguishes that Linda is a human being who has feelings, unamenable rights and desires.Cruelty of slaveholdersAccording to Jacobs, (270, Linda claims sympathy for women slaves for at that place is no law to defend her bring violence, from insult, and change surface from death., which argon all en sop up by friends who bear the shape of men Instead, the slavery institution defends slaveholders form allegations of sexual violence and assault. If the slave was sexually assaulted, it wasnt an offense against her but an scent on the property of her master, although it was always a master that attacked her. When her daughter was born, the sum total of Linda became heavy since she was aw are that slaverly was distasteful for males, but was far much terrible for females (Linda, 77).Women slaves were the al close to susceptible servants because they could do formulate in the field, take aid of children of their masters, and most substantively reproduce slave populace, which became increasingly more than s ignifi after partt after prohibition of slave imports in 1808.s For instance, when Benjamin, L indas uncle is sold, the slave monger utterd that he could offer any price if the good aspect young man was a female (Jacobs, 23).Lindas moral characterLinda illustrates her substantial moral trait in several ways. At an early and pre adolescent age, she was given akin(predicate) things that children of the mistress were given. Her master taught her how to spell and read, which a favor is since majority of slaves were not taught. Although she saw this as a fair thing, she unders excessivelyd helped her family members because of their kindness toward her and she was as well conscious that people needed to be treated with respect. Jacobs (65) argues that when Dr. Flint constantly called her harsh names and abused her, Linda she knew that it was not advance and felt that Flint was corrupting her as well as her pure mind, but she chose to remain silent for terror of her severe outcom es, even death. Linda continues direct her life, helping him together with his family, but socking well that he was cruel and unjust.Arrogance of slaveholdersIt was extremely egotistical of slaveholders to tell the slaves brutal lies about the North. A slaveholder once told Linda one of the slaves who happened to be Lindas friend was in an alarming shape and was pleading to be taken back to her master. Later on Linda discovered that this story was not real and this former slave did not have any wish of going back to slavery. Unfortunately, majority of slaves believes these stories and chose to the thought of protective slavery to hard freedom. Linda is appalled by the idea of really aspiring to return to slavery, even if the tales were true. Linda states that the slaves would start to recognize their personal capabilities, and conserve themselves to be women and men (Garfield Zafar, 43).ConclusionThe dominant social issue of the take hold incidences in the Life of a slave gir l is sexual harassment of slaves by their masters. Dr. Flint who is Lindas master requires her to do anything for him including a sexual kinship with her. However, Linda does not give in to his sexual demands because she wants to buy her freedom away(p) from enslavement.What is the Concept of res publicaalism?What is the Concept of Nationalism?Nationalism is a notion that is not easily defined. There are numerous comments and forms of what is interior(a)ism, and many of these commentarys even overlap. However, at that place is no one translation that is more adequate than another. retention in mind that these explanations are constantly evolving, with thorough analysis and the collocation of line of businesss set out by eight prominent scholars, a clearer explanation of patriotism can be attained.To begin with, the most well know definition today is from Professor Anthony smith. He states that patriotism is simply an ideologic doing for attaining and maintaining auto nomy, unity and identity for a population which some of its members take hold to constitute an actual or potential state of matter (Anthony smith, Nationalism Theory, Ideology, History, 2001, p.9). In this definition, Smith reveals what he believes the three main determinations of interior(a)ism are autonomy, issue unity, and national identity. Even Smiths profound definition has not been available for very long considering he was born in 1933. Although there is much argument on the definition of patriotism, Smith agrees that there is one main accuse of agreement and that is that the term patriotism is a modern phenomenon (Smith, Anthony 2001). Civic nationalism is basically defined as a group of people which have a certain loyalty to polite rights or laws and pledge to expect by these laws. Ethnic nationalism is basically a group that possess a common culture, language, land, etc. It is more specific in foothold of who can be in it (McGregor 2010). Smith (1991) writes that every nationalism contains polite and ethnic elements in varying degrees and opposite forms. Sometimes civic and territorial reserve elements predominate at other times it is the ethnic and vernacular components that are emphasized (Smith, Anthony 2001). Smiths most all important(predicate) argument features civic and ethnic types of nationalism as opposed to eastern and westbound types. . Even more specifically, Smith makes the distinction between both civic and ethnic nationalisms. He withal believes that Many modern nations are formed around pre-existing, and often pre-modern, ethnic cores (Theories of Nationalism Smith). Smith is claiming that nations had pre-existing-origins prior to their new origins of their new nation. One of the most popular arguments by critics is that the civic and ethnic viewpoint of nationalism collapses too much on the ethnic category. (http//cps.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/35/5/554). Smiths definition seems to be the foundation for nationalis m. Other scholars go in to more detail on certain elements of the definition, but most relate back to Smiths fender definition.On the contrary to Anthony Smiths definition of nationalism pertaining to the civic and ethnic type, Hans Kohn has argued that the devil main types of nationalism are eastern and western. His definition is, Nationalism is a state of mind, in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due to the nation-state. (Hans Kohn, Nationalism, 1965) His argument includes both eastern and western types of nationalism which call down to eastern and western Europe. Eastern nationalism conceived the nation as an perfect community, united by culture, language and descent (McGregor 2010). This could possibly be cerebrate to Smiths ethnic type of nationalism. Western nationalism conceived the nation as a semi governmental and civic community, held together by voluntary adherence to parliamentary norms (McGregor 2010). Again, western nationalism could b e perceived as a civic type of nationalism. This can be recognized as two analogous classifications on two unfamiliar grounds. Kohn believes that nationalism relates straight off with the eastern and western Europe and that it is as well where the state of mind of nationalism originated. The main reproval of Kohns classification of nationalism is him being over simplistic. He certainly does not go into as much detail as Smith on the definition and relates only towards Europe which most likely is why he is being identified as over simplistic.Carlton J. H. Hayes definition of nationalism states, Loyalty and chemical bond to the interior of the group (namely the nation and homeland) are the floor of nationalism. In this definition, a common ethnical background and common cultural group are considered the main factors in forming a nation. That remains true with most of the definitions of nationalism. Hayes definition of nationalism seems to be more specific to the ethnic ties towa rd nationalism. (http//www.al-islam.org/islamandnationalism/5.htm). Hayes is basically saying that land, language, and blood are the earth of nationalism. . He is saying that nation is something to be proud of. Hayes also believe that these ethnic qualities are the most important even holiness does not compare. It is addition to nationality that gives direction to ones individual and social postures, not attachment to piety and political orientation. A human being takes pride in his national achievements and feels dependent on its cultural heritage, not on the history of religion and his faith (http//www.al-islam.org/islamandnationalism/5.htm). This quote further proves Hayes view on nationalism and how it relates to ones culture and past, and specifically not related to religion at all. The tenableness Hayes definition is unique from others, is his emphasis that religion is not a factor in forming a nation. To further specify Hayes definition on nationalism he says, What dist inguishes one human being from another are not their beliefs, but their birth-place, homeland, language and race. Those who are within the quadruplet walls of the homeland and nation, belong to it, and those who are outside it, are aliens. It is on the substructure of these factors that the people have a feeling of sharing a individual(a) destiny and a common past. (http//www.al-islam.org/islamandnationalism/5.htm). This quote goes hand in hand with Hayess definition of nationalism and just further explains it.According to scholar benedict Anderson nationalism is, a new emerging nation imagines itself to be antique. This is uniform to how Anthony Smith and Hayes defined nationalism. It is mostly like the Smiths ethnic nationalism, which focuses more on the origin of the nation. Anderson focuses more on modern Nationalism and suggests that it forms its attachment through language, especially through literature. Of particular importance to Andersons theory is his stress on the r ole of printed literature. In Andersons mind, the development of nationalism is linked with printed literature and the growth of these printed works. People were able to read about nationalism in a common dialect and that caused nationalism to mature. (CITE). Andersons definition of nationalism and nation differ greatly from other scholars. He defines nation as an imagined political community. He believes this because the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. last it is this fraternity that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such special(a) imaginings. Not only is Andersons theory distinctive because of the printed literature theory, but also the imagined political community.Peter Alter states, Nationalism is a political force which has been more important in shaping the history of Europe and the humankind over the last two centuries than the ideas of freedom and parl iamentary democracy or, let alone, of communism. His argument is similar to John Breuilly in the grit that there is a strong emphasis on nationalism being a political force. Alter is saying that it has everything to do with being a political movement instead of the idea of freedom. In recognition to nationalism, Alter states, It can be associated with forces striving for political, social, economic and cultural emancipation, as well as with those whose goal oppression. His outlook on nationalism seems much broader than other scholars. This particular reference virtually sums up many scholars definitions together. Alter does not seem to have a specific argument on nationalism, as in civic vs. ethnic or western vs. eastern but just an sufferance that nationalism could be based on all of these arguments. Again, Alter says, It can mean emancipation, and it can mean oppression dangers as well as opportunities. There is no precise argument when he tries to define nationalism even thoug h he does have the idea that nationalism is directly related to a political force. Alter also states that nationalism was important to shaping Europe, but most scholars agree with that statement to begin with. scholarly person Ernest Gellner states that, nationalism is primarily a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent. Gellner has been considered the father of nationalism studies and was a teacher of Anthony Smith. Although most scholars would agree that nationalism appeared after the French Revolution, Gellner further argues that nationalism became a sociological necessity in the modern world. His argument is similar to the uniqueness of Benedict Andersons printed literature theory, but Gellner focuses more on the industrialization of work and cultural modernization to explain how nationalism expanded. Gellner believes that states only exist where there is division of labour, therefore the state comes before nationalism (http//w ww.people.fas.harvard.edu/plam/irnotes07/Gellner1983.pdf). Like other scholars, Gellner believes that nationalism is a political force. There are many criticisms to Ernest Gellners theory, including Anthony Smith saying, It misreads the relationship between nationalism and industrialization (Smith 1998).Historian John Breuilly defends a more modern theory of nationalism. He concludes, The rise of the modern state system provides the institutional context within which an ideology of nationalism is necessary. Breuilly argues that the emergence of state modernization provides an important factor in understanding historical signs of nationalism (http//www.cjsonline.ca/reviews/nationalism.html). Breuilly argues that nationalism does not have much to do with ethnicity or ethnic background, rather more to do with political motivation. This is not the firstborn scholar who believed that ethnic background had nothing to do with nationalism. In fact, Breuillys definition relates well to Ge llner in the sense that they both argue for political motivation. Nationalists are seen to create their own ideology out of their own subjective sense of national culture. (John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1982). This particular quote is quite similar to Andersons imagined political community theory. Breuilly does not support the ethnic side of nationalism nearly as much as others and, like Benedict Anderson favors nationalism as just a political force. Breuilly criticizes most scholars due to the fact that they believe in national culture because he believes there is no such thing. He believes that the political component of nationalism is by far the most important.Michael Hechter defines nationalism as a, collective action designed to frame the boundaries of the nation congruent with those of its governance unit (M. Hechter, Containing Nationalism, 2000). He further explains, Nation and governance can be made congruent by enacting soap policies that limit full membership in the polity to individuals from on one more favoured nations. In Hechters book, Containing Nationalism, he expresses his belief that the reason nationalism occurs is because of self-determination. Hechter explains how there are two different types of nationalism. The first one is sort of the ideology of freedom and he gives the example of the French Revolution. The second form is xenophobic or even goes as far as genocide (Hechter, Containing Nationalism, 2000). This explains where the different views of nationalism come in civic vs. ethnic or eastern vs. western. Most importantly, Hechter defines many specific forms of nationalism to go beyond his trustworthy definition. These definitions include state-building nationalism, peripheral nationalism, irredentist nationalism, and unification nationalism. (Hechter, Michael. Containing Nationalism. Oxford and New York Oxford University Press, 2000).Each scholars definition seems to have its o wn uniqueness to it from Anthony Smiths ethnic nationalism. SIMILARTIES AND DIFFERENCESPolitical, cultural, ethnic, civic, eastern, westernSummary considerable diversity of aims and aspirations, including unification, separation, cultural/linguistic preservation, territorial expansion, protection of external co-nationals, lift of foreign domination, establishment of national homelandVast diversity of forms and styles, from belligerent and militaristic to peaceable and inward-lookingNationalism is inherently particularistic, but at the resembling time constitutes an ideology of general applicationPeople can not agree on the definition.

Social and Political Discrimination Against Women

Social and policy-making contrariety Against Wo handsThe military man is facing numerous chores that argon demolishing its unity, forcing the process of making a better world harder to achieve. whizz of the most devastating tasks yet to be solved is the womens rights against contrast. Discrimination, concord to Cambridge Universitys dictionary is the act of treating a soul or social occasionicular pigeonholing of people differently, especially in a worse panache from the way in which you treat different(a)(a) people, because of their skin colour, religion, sex. Discrimination against women is a pillowcase of gender dissimilitude. According to the Australian Office of Anti-Discrimination Commissi mavinr (OADC) gender discrimination occurs when individual is treated less favourably than another person because of his or her gender ( justness, 2009). Womens discrimination is a series task, it is just not a discrimination against a minority (with all do respect to all minorities). It is hopeless to realize our goals while discriminating against half the human race Kofi Annan1. Annan set forth discriminating against women discriminating against half of the human race which rely on how important the berth of women in the progressing of the human race. The problem of discrimination against women was formally addressed to the world through the first couple of years of the establishing of the join Nations (UN). Women inscribed their identity as controlers of rights in the founding documents of the UN-the UN Charter (1945) and the widely distri just nowed Decla symmetryn of Human Rights (1948) the Convention of Civil Rights to Women (1948) and the Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1952) (Jain Sen, 2005, pp. 12-13). Many countries and nations abide issued legislations against discrimination, and specifically against gender or sex discrimination. One of the most notified acts against discrimination is the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 b y the British Parliament. Many countries and nations have acts against discriminating women however, women are still being discriminated originally the law (Franciscans). Discriminating against women is not just discriminating against a person it is discriminating against families as well who would want the mother, the sister or the wife to be discriminated at progress to, at school or at hostelry under no reason but solely because of the gender. The purpose of this endeavor is to examine the act of discrimination against women and demonstrate on how women suffer in the social life, the political arena and the workplace, and the education. Moreover this essay will sustain the previous solutions to overcome the problem of discriminating women due to their gender held antecedently decades ago by countries or nations, and why they did not reap what they have s take. Ultimately, it will propose a solution on how to surmount the problem of discriminating women, because women shoul d not be discriminated due to the prejudice against their gender. Women play the part of half the human race if they were less satisfactory or true than men and do not deserve fittingity God would not let them share every role with men.Womens discrimination is much utmost from being a local issue in a authoritative part of the world. Women suffer from discrimination, violence and sexual harassment because women most of the quantify are thought to be less competent than men because of their bodily structure. Women are not only discriminated in the growing countries because of the lack of sophistication, women are also being discriminated in the developed countries. Discrimination against women in the UK is deep ingrained, a giving medication report concludes as cited in (Barriers still in womens way, 2005). The UK, one of the most important and developed countries that plays a major role in the world issues, has a discrimination problem against women which is described by a governmental report to be deeply ingrained or firmly held that it is not plausibly to be changed. Thus it is a problem that needs more that attention to be solved. According to the United Nations suppuration fund for Women (UNIFEM), entropy shows that discriminatory practices against women exists and dominates in almost all part of the world (2008). Therefore, we do not need each developed untaught telling a one that is not that the developed country is allow from discrimination or it is in very small ratio that discrimination hardly can be found. Statistically according to figure 12, the ratio between the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and the developing countries does not breach critically life expectancy is more in MENA than in the developing countries while it decreases in the other areas. The world needs all countries and nations economic aid because it is not a one nation problem it is a problem that we all command.Women social life is covered by many kinds of discrimination. Women in social life suffer from many daily-life appellations, especially in the Middle-East other than the West. In the Middle-East women are classified by their relationship status other than by her contribution to the community. While pursuiting for life partner men get repelled from partd women. In the process of searching, most of the men search for virgin girls whether those men have previous relation or not. separate women are treated different than married women. Whereas single-mothers most of the metre do not marry after their first marriage because men do not want extra burden or responsibility. On the other hand single-fathers easily can get married most of the time as there is no social norm against them to re-marry. Single mothers do not refuse to marry, however, they are refuted by the men how are pursuit marriage. Divorce is more costly for women than men. The most common impact of dissociate on women is the financial insecurity it creates, incre asing the possibility of poverty for them and their children. Data show that after divorce, women experience a 73 percent want in their former standard of living and men experience a 42 percent rise (Headlee Elfin, 1996, p. p.52). Not only divorce establish women socially downgraded it also leaves her in economical insecurity, and if a women is supporting a child the disaster will be doubled. According to Clarke-Stewart Brentano, divorced women pay back only five new friends in the first year of divorce due to the emotional damage of divorce (2006, p. 70). Women are more likely to have blighted social life than men after divorce. Nevertheless, hostelry does not welcome divorcees leaving women in a dark coign of the society.Politically, women suffer from a great impact from discrimination. Women have been discriminated in the political arena, as the society gives the women politicians less creditability than men due to just about ideas stuck in the minds that women are more l ikely to be secretaries other than being the boss. The media has a huge impact on such negative ideas, giving the women incessantly as the soft secretary that has a model body fashion and a voice that rhymes with music. According to Abdel-Wahabs film, he sketched a wife being a CEO in a governmental substructure, while the employees of that institution do not believe that a woman can hold such a sophisticated position (1966). In that film the womanish CEO proves to her husband and to her employees at the end of the film that she is as competent as any male CEO that has ever held this position. This is the kind of media that take to be seen today, not the ones that weaken the image of women and strengthens the stereotyping of them in politics and in workplace. According to Constance B. Morella a US Republican Congresswoman, who represents the Seventh District in Maryland, in politics (once elected) there is equity in terms of salary, but not in terms of leadership. Women are ex cluded from many issue areas and commissions where they efficacy serve as cited in (Headlee Elfin, 1996). In the US congress the government cannot give smaller salary to women, of course or it would be contradicting its own policies out in the public, nonetheless, they do not give women the right of leadership as they might provide help to their country, the US- her country- deny the womens help in leadership. Unlike men, women pursue politics for the sake of issues and morals not for go advancement. The rejection of women being in the political arena gave them the opportunity to be more active volunteers than men, which gave them more than enough experience to successfully enter the political arena (Headlee Elfin, 1996, p. 26). Men do not have an extra wag that makes them excel in politics and likely women do not, hence, they are equal and should have equal political opportunities. Women went to work thus, affecting the mens jobs and the economy in general because of money. W omen worked because they did not have husbands as unmarried or divorced, or they had husbands who were in low-pay jobs. In 1994, 59 percent of married women were working for pay which increase by 19 percent from 1970 (Headlee Elfin, 1996, p. 3). As of discrimination in the work place, statistically, pregnant women suffer widespread discrimination at work, figures show, with almost one in 14 mums-to-be denied opportunities for promotion and one in 50 demoted (Pregnant Women Discrimination at work, 2006). Pregnant women takes the largest piece in the pie chart according to discrimination, some of the pregnant women do not even get paid for maternalism leave, while, some of them do not get promoted and some get demoted.BibliographyAbdel-Wahab, F. (Director). (1966). My married woman is CEO Motion Picture.Barriers still in womens way. (2005). Evening Post (South Wales) , p. 5.Clarke-Stewart, A., Brentano, C. (2006). Divorce Causes and Consequences. modernistic Haven Yale University Press .Franciscans, I. (n.d.). Discrimination Against Women. Retrieved December 21, 2009, from Franciscans International http//www.franciscansinternational.org/issues/women/discriminationHeadlee, S., Elfin, M. (1996). damage of Being Female. Westport Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated.Jain, D., Sen, A. K. (2005). Women, Development, and the UN A Sixty-Year Quest for Equality and Justice. Bloomington Indiana University Press.Justice, T. D. (2009, family line 4). Anti-Discrimination Commissioner Gender Discrimination. Retrieved December 21, 2009, from Tasmania Online Your gateway to Tasmania http//www.antidiscrimination.tas.gov.au/publications/gender_discriminationPregnant Women Discrimination at work. (2006). Advertiser, The (Adelaide) , 15.UNIFEM. (2008). Justice / Field Stories / Discrimination Against Women UNIFEM Progress Of The Worlds Women 2008/2009. Retrieved December 21, 2009, from United Nations Development Fund for Women http//www.unifem.org/progress/2008/med ia/POWW08_Report_Full_Text.pdf

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Experiment

bleached neural Networks (ANNs) ExperimentAbstractArtificial neural networks (ANNs) is use for farsightedness of harvest-tide selectivity in biologic sulphide removal. An experimental setup is constructed for probe of biological sulphide removal in a fed quite a little bioreactor. In this process, sulphide is biologic entirelyy converted into principal(a) south and sulphate by the bacterium Thiobacillus thioparus. In step-up, thiosulfate is green goodsd in a side reaction. The make of various parameters ( solved oxygen, ducking of bacteria and sulfide load) is investigated on the types of wares. The main crossroad is master(a) entropy at low dissolved oxygen or at high sulfide loads and also more sulfates atomic number 18 produced at high dissolved oxygen. At high concentration of bacteria, mho and sulfate selectivity ar extendd, and thiosulfate selectivity is decreased. By apply gathered experimental information, an celluloid neural network model is s timulateed to calculate the selectivity of increases at distinct operating conditions. The comparison amid proposed ANN model and the experimental data demonstrates a great precision of the model.IntroductionHydrogen sulfide as an extremely toxic accelerator is emitted by many industries much(prenominal)(prenominal) as oil, bollix up and petrochemical industries 1. It has potential for the damaging nervous system at low-dose exposures. Furthermore, sulfide is passing corrosive and has a very unpleasant odor. The threshold limit measure out for air 0.510 ppbv 2, natural bollix 4 ppmv 3 and for fresh or salty water fish is 0.5 ppm 4.In the recent years, biological sulfide removal at ambient temperature and pressure has been investigated as an alternative to the courtly manners. A review on the bacteria of the second cycle was discussed by Tang et al which contributes to a better chthonianstanding of the process 7. Also, a review of the biological removal of H2S from gas streams was studied by Sayed et al 8. Several microorganisms, namely sulfur compound oxidizing bacteria (SOB), are fitting of oxidizing H2S at ambient temperatures and pressures.Different types of bioreactors are apply for biological sulfide removal, the more common types are bioscrubber, biotrickling filter, and biofilter. In the last two processes, the H2S-containing gas passes through a moist, packed bed of particles, which are coated by microorganisms. The biotrickling filter, and biofilter are proper for low sulfide capacity, which the sulfide is mainly converted to sulfate 8. In the case of biological H2S removal from natural gas, the bioscrubber is more preferred.In a bioscrubber, H2S is washed from the natural gas stream by an alkaline such as NaOH (Eqs. 1 and 2) in a gas absorber, then the rich alkaline solution is sent to an agitated bioreactor where the sulfide ions (HS) are converted to elemental sulfur or sulfate (Eqs. 3 and 4). The produced elemental sulfur is sepa rated by sedimentation 8-11. Production of elemental sulfur is preferred since it is less harmful than sulfate. Furthermore, hydroxyl ions, consumed in the compactness of H2S in the alkaline liquid, are regenerated upon oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur (Eq. 3). Also, elemental sulfur is easily separated by sedimentation.In addition to the biological reactions, dissolved sulfide kindle react with S0 to produce polysulfide ions (), fit to Eq. 5, and ions are abiotically oxidized to S0 and, according to Eq. 6 12.Teder 13 has shown that the chain length of polysulfide ion (Sx2-) increases with increase of temperature (x = 5.0 at 25 C and x = 6.5 at 80 C). At moderate alkaline conditions, the average chain length of polysulfide (x) varies from 4.6 to 5.5 12-15.The product selectivity in the biological sulfide removal process depends on different parameters such as bacteria concentration, sulfide load to the bioreactor and dissolved oxygen *** Roosta. This ask investigates the applicability of dyed neural networks (ANNs) for the prediction of the biological sulfide removal performance in a fed batch bioreactor.Materials and MethodsIn this study, Thiobacillus thioparus (DSMZ 5368) was used as sulfur oxidizing bacteria for producing elemental sulfur in the biological sulfide removal process.In this regards, a bioreactor with total volume of 3.8 liter operated under fed batch conditions was used, as shown in augur (1). During all experiments, the temperature was controlled at 300.3 C, and the pH was controlled at 80.2 using 1N HCl and 1N NaOH solutions. Dissolved oxygen (DO) as a manipulated variable was changed between 0.5 and 6 ppm and controlled using atomic number 7 and oxygen injection. The bioreactor was charged with 2000 cc of the medium inoculated with bio caboodle. After stabilizing of the temperature in the bioreactor at 30 C, feeding of the sulfide solution was started. The concentration of sulfide was determined based on the methylene blue me thod proposed by Trper and Schlegel 16, by using a spectrophotometer (Zeiss) at 665 nm. The sulfide solution was injected to the bioreactor by an infusion pump (JMS OT-701), after calibration of the pump. During the experiments, the sulfide solution is applied at different flow rates (between 1.5 and 23 ml h-1) to extend to different HS load (between 0.5 and 4.0 mmolL-1h-1). The flow rate of recirculating gas was adjusted to 15 L min-1 and was spread by a diffuser this caused a right-hand(a) mixing of the broth.The concentration of sulfur compounds were measured during the process. In this regards, the total concentrations of sulfide (HS and polysulfide) were determined based on the methylene blue method 17. The concentration of polysulfide was determined based on Teder 14 method. The concentration of sulfide (HS) is the difference between total sulfide concentrations and polysulfide concentration. The concentration of sulfate was determined via the turbiditimetry method at 420 nm 17, and the thiosulfate concentration was determined via the methylene blue method at 760 nm 18. Finally, the concentration of elemental sulfur is calculated by the mass balance on sulfur.The present study investigates the effect of operating variables dissolve oxygen (DO) lever (0.5 4 ppm), HS load (0.5 4 mmol L-1 h-1) and optical parsimoniousness (OD) of bacteria (0.4 0.6) on the sulfide removal and product selectivity.ANNArtificial Neural Networks (ANNs) with different organises has been proven to be universal depart approximators. The study favor of ANN model is to be constructed without detailed information about the underlying process. ANNs as black box mildew tools have already been used for many applications in industry, business and science 19. Since in white box modeling shape upes, the model of development is based on the information of mechanistic and applicable equations and detailed knowledge for a specific system is usually non directly available, most e fforts in the white box modeling approach are devoted to revealing all relevant mechanisms and quantifying these mechanisms correctly. This usually requires an immense research program (including experiments, which can also be very time- and money-consuming). here(predicate) a compromise must be made in night club to save time and money. Therefore, white box models often have moderate accuracy, because in developing the models, minor mechanisms are neglected and only the major mechanisms are taken into account. The major advantage of the ersatz neural networks is that they can be constructed without the need of detailed knowledge of the underlying system. One of the applications of artificial neural network models is to map an input quadriceps femoris to an make space and function as a look-up table. Thus, in recent years, artificial neural networks have been applied to biotechnology and biochemical engineering researches 20-27.In this study, a Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) ne ural network is utilized in order to develop an appropriate model for the prediction of products selectivity.MLPThis type of network consists of an input mold, an output layer and one or more unavowed layers ( realize 2). The number of neurons in the input and the output layer depends on the number of input and output parameters respectively. However, the privy layer may contain desired neurons. All the layers are interconnected as shown in Figure (2) and the strength of the interconnections is determined by the weights associated with them. Each input of neurons (p) is weighted with an appropriate (w), the sum of the weighted inputs and the incline (b) forms the input to the transfer function (f). Neurons can use any differentiable transfer function f to generate their output (n) and is given asMultilayer Perceptron networks often use the log-sigmoid transfer function (Eq. 8) however, other functions are ordinarily used.In this work, one hidden layer was chosen for the networ ks (as shown in Figure 2), and the optimum neuron numbers for hidden layer was calculated.By using Bayesian regularization back propagation, the MLP neural network was trained. This training method updates the weight and bias values according to the Levenberg- Marquardt optimization 28. It minimizes a junto of squared erroneous beliefs and weights, and then determines the correct combination so as to produce an artificial neural network that generalizes well. Training was carried out until the mean rank(a) relational error (MARE) which represented by Eq. 9, was minimized. When the training was terminated, to avoid all over learning, the error of evidence and training data were calculated.As illustrated in Figure (2), the inputs of the proposed networks are DO value, bacteria OD and HS load, and the outputs are elemental sulfur, sulfate and thiosulfate selectivity. To choose the beat out network structure, different configurations of MLP networks were trained and tested. Netwo rk parameters such as numbers of hidden layers, numbers of neurons in each hidden layer, transfer functions and training algorithm were studied in this attempt. Eventually, the network structure that produced the smallest error for testing and training data was determined.The needed experimental data were measured at different DO values, bacteria ODs and HS loads, and comprise three hundred observations. Using the random selection method, 75% of all data (225 data sets) were assigned to the training set, while the rest of the data were used as the validation set.Results and DiscussionsA part of the obtained experimental data are shown in tabularize (1). According to the results, increasing of bacteria OD leads to more sulfur and sulfate selectivity, but leads to decrease of thiosulfate selectivity. Although, by increasing DO value, sulfate and thiosulfate selectivity increase, and sulfur selectivity decreases. In addition, increasing sulfide load leads to increase of elemental sul fur and thiosulfate selectivity, and decrease in sulfate selectivity.After many attempts, the best ANN obtained is a MLP with one hidden layer. The optimum number of neurons in the hidden layer is 15 neurons as shown in Figure (3). The transfer function of the first layers is a hyperbolic tangent sigmoid (Eq. 9) and that of second layer is a positive linear function. The parameters of the ANN structure are shown in Table (2).As shown in Figure (4) the ANN model has been able to capture all the features of the system reasonably and can be used for estimating the product selectivity indoors the range in which it has been trained. Figure (4a) compares the results of applying the training data and Figure (4b) compares the applying test data to the MLP with experimental data at different conditions.The correlation coefficient (R2) value of the ANN model is near to one, which indicates a good accuracy of the ANN model.The relative error between experimental data and calculated values, fo r verification data are illustrated in Figure (5). As seen in this figure, mean absolute relative error (MARE%) for sulfate, sulfur and thiosulfate selectivity are 4.4, 1.77 and 0.23% respectively. The results show that the proposed model is in a good agreement with experimental data which ANN did not observe in the training phase.ConclusionIn biological sulfide removal, elemental sulfur production should be maximized to save more hydroxyl ions. Thus, the prediction of product selectivity is essential in the design of the biological sulfide removal system. An artificial neural network based model was developed for the prediction of product selectivity as a function of DO, OD of bacteria and HS load, in the biological sulfide removal system. The best architecture of the MLP network was obtained by trial. lotion of the proposed ANN model for training and test data indicates that it can predict the product selectivity with a considerable accuracy.

Communicating With The Mentally Challenged Education Essay

Communicating With The cordially Challenged Education EssayThe purpose is to even up mass aw be that although you test to be politically correct when communion with the mentally scrapd, mild through server, there is a definite communication post to enforce. My purpose is, since I do foster c atomic number 18 and crap been assumption a teensy fry that is severely challenged, was to learn as such(prenominal) as possible as how the learning habits of the nestling and the best or incompatible ways to communicate to the child knowing the child leave al nonp atomic number 18il always be challenged. For the purpose of this paper I will refer to the child as he (although it could well be a she) and since Sonic the prorogue hog gather inms to be a favorite between both sexes, the appellation of the child, in order to protect the childs identity will be referred to as Sonic.Thesis statementAll children moldiness mature and the responsibility to dumbfound all children fa lls upon to each nonpareil of us to raise the child up and yet when it comes to the mentally challenged child there must be variant channels of communication between the adult and that child. These conduits al embarrasseds the adult to take into aim the intelligence of the child, and reach the child on their take aim, regular step to the fore if it means outlet down to their level. The adult talk must reflect the childs level of realiseing.If much than(prenominal) masses do not take a much ready interest in the life of the mentally retarded beca engross we will not have each place to go except in an institutional invigoration and that is not fair because we are Gods creatures. Anonymous installationCommunicating with the mentally challenged is not only a challenge to the mentally challenged, just the adult as well. Each situation must be understood before continuing in educating the child to perish a productive p cunning of society, if that is possible. Looking at the definition of mentally challenged and to what distributor point the child is challenged, from borderline cases to highly severe, and a true treatment send off lavatory be formulated to mold the child to usefulness even if that usefulness is nothing more then getting oneself to the bathroom. The mentally challenge will evoke and mature the question is how much? For mentally challenged kids and adults, near things can never be learned. (Emma, 2007)Defining Mentally ChallengedMentally challenged primary quill depends on the I.Q. of the child along with one or more of the some(prenominal) psychological tests available to mea sure enough enough the intelligence or mental functioning of the child. Therefore, when the mental age is divide by the chronological age and com ramblee by a hundred, what you get is the Intelligence Quotient or the I.Q. (De la Jara, 2007) An I.Q. higher up 140 is the sign of a genius. An average to very intelligent child would differentiate of 100 120 and a dull child would score 80 90. Those children classified below 85 are classified even further. An IQ of 84-70 is canvased borderline mentally challenged, while those 55-69 are mild cases and consider educable. 40-54 are Moderate cases but trainable, 25-39 are severely deficient and any IQ below 24 is classified as highly severe.Mental age refers to an age at a normal level of mathematical lick on an intelligence test, and it became a popular way of referring to mental level as measured by the Binet Simon scale of 1908. The Binet Simon scale identified the schoolman s pops typical of specific age groups. In 1912, William Stern used chronological age as a denominator to be divided into mental age, resulting in an intelligence quotient. In 1916, Lewis Terman mul polllied this intelligence quotient by 100 (to excrete the decimal places) and called the result an IQ score. Termans formula of mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 became popularized as the formula for calculating a mortals IQ. Adult intelligence does not alternate from year to year so the concept of mental age is little meaningful when discussing adults. Contemporary IQ tests use cumulative indexes to determine heaps rather than the calculation of IQ scores based upon Termans formula. A coetaneous equivalent of mental age is the Standard Age Score of the Stanford-Binet IQ test, which was formulated in 1987.Overview of mentally challengedAlthough there is no hard evidence, one of the strongest positionors of the mental want is hereditary. Besides this there are a weigh of environmental factors that contribute to mental arrest, malnutrition or infection during pregnancy or even an excessive intake of drugs and RH incompatibility whatever the cause, if the constipation is very severe, the entire development of the child gets affected physical, social and ruttish along with mental. Some of these children cannot perform the naivest of tasks that we all seem to take for granted. child wish well things like walking straight, eating or toilet training. A bang-up amount of patience and tolerance is required to supervise and handle such(prenominal) a child.Mental mean clip occurs in 2.5-3% of the general population. About 6-7.5 one thousand thousand mentally retarded individuals live in the United States alone. Mental retardation begins in childishness or adolescence before the age of 18. In just about cases, it persists throughout adulthood. Mentally retarded children reach developmental milestones such as walking and talking much later than the general population. Approximately 85% of the mentally retarded population is in the mildly retarded kinsfolk and they can often acquire academic skills up to the 6th come in level, become self-sufficient, and in some cases live independently, with community and social support. moo IQ scores and limitations in adaptive skills are the hallmarks of mental retardation. Aggression, self-in-j ury, and irritation disorders are sometimes associated with the disability. The severity of the symptoms and the age at which they first seem depend on the cause. Children who are mentally retarded reach developmental milestones significantly later than expected, if at all. If retardation is caused by chromosomal or other genetic disorders, it is often apparent from infancy. If retardation is caused by childhood illnesses or injuries, learning and adaptive skills that were once easy whitethorn of a sudden become difficult or impossible to master.The virtually noticeable ruttish characteristics children with mental retardation often recognize that they have difficulties with tasks that others find easy. This realization can lead to frustration, anger and depression. Some children with mental retardation may suffer from anxiety. These children may act out due to these emotions. They may have trouble expressing their feelings and may return their feelings in ways such as ref dev elopment to eat or sleeping too much. Sonic, the foster child living with me, will be calm and act like a basketball team year old one upshot, and then if you ask something of sonic, major irritation change to the point of aggression.How to under tolerate the mentally challengedAnyone who has toiled with the mentally challenged people knows, some will tell you exactly what is on their mind. When something does not go Sonics way, he will tell you and if you persist, he will tell you she will kill you, and hates you. Understanding that this is typical in a mentally challenged you let it bowling ball off you and just stay scrawny enough to arrange sure that sonic does not hurt herself. The mentally challenged know their likes and dislikes, what is going on in their lives, and even some idea of what they want their future to be.When the mentally challenged are treated as subhuman, as children, or as a menace to society, it follows that we become the ones to decide what is best fo r them, and what kind of life they should lead, we instead should remind ourselves that they are Gods creatures. They pauperization to be treated as solemn human beings with important things to communicate. (McLean, Brady, Mclean, Behrens, 1999) Understanding their diction is likely to be much better than the ability to express it. Speech maybe very poorly articulated and difficult to understandOne of the critical aspects in forming a communication is one that emphasizes skill actualization, where teachers give the mentally challenged many opportunities to use and expand on their already substantial skills. Skill actualization goals are represented in the individual education plan (IEP) such as the child will use whatever skill is already developed and continue to expand to the point where the child will reach the adjoining goal. In Sonics case, the IEP has included counting skills up to 20, understanding the valued of money, and doing simple life skills.Steps in Creating Co mmunicationThe first step to communicating with a mentally challenged person is to understand the way they communicate. Mirror there patterns keeping in mind get on their level but do not be on their level. Match the way they see the world, not as a child but as a learning personal manner. Most are visual learns where they learn in pictures, using word like see and look. Visual learners prefer to use diagrams, pictures, reputation notes, handouts and movies to see the information they are learning.Sometimes the mentally challenged are sound recording learns where they may not even look at you but put more stock into the spoken word and the voice inflection. This is a graceful line where the teacher must be very calm and sure of each word other wise you could miscommunication and all the building process is for naught. The mentally challenged needs to be adjudicated and we must allow them to hear us.The final learning style is kinesthetic learners also called tactile learners ne ed to feel it to learn best. The more the learning experience involves moving, touching, tasting and feeling, the more it will be absorbed by this type of learner. Projects and experiments also change by reversal well with this group. Young children learn thins way by reaching out to something and feeling it, touching it, and breaking it. (OK I had to put that in)The real art is to combine learning styles to fit the child. Sonic uses Visual about 80% and oral about 15% and kinesthetic the remaining 5%. If you show her something, she will remember and get the message quickly, by adding the verbal element he will recall the instruction the next day, demonstrating, giving verbal instruction then transferring ownership of a task, builds his self-confidence. There are small tasks she can do the give him pride in doing well, such as showing which day on the med chart we are on and then picking the proper cup to take.The second step is to incorporate the communication skills in both the education setting as well as the extra curricula activities. Opportunities exist almost constancy or as it is called submissive moments. The hardest part as a teacher is to keep on merry-go-round of the moments one can take improvement of and then take advantage of them. At home with sonic, it becomes a one on one the moment Sonic comes home from school until bedtime and in turn allows many more recognizable and controlled setting.The third step is to facilitate conversation and keep them enmeshed as much as possible. The issue here must be keeping it simple. In studies, (McLean, Brady, Mclean, Behrens, 1999) simple yes or no question got the most response from the mentally challenged. Asking completed questions creates confusion and frustration, and can in truth cause the person to regress rather then moving forward. use the KISS (keep it simple) method more ground can be make rather creating an antagonistic climate.How to communicate with the Mentally Challenged1. Maintain a calm, low volume. Speaking louder does not make you more understandable.2. When determining age-appropriateness of your words, remember that you must know the mental age of your comprehender, not his or her calendar age. Remember, they are just mentally challenged, not a person with a curb vocabulary, such as a five-year-old.3. Do not cover or hide your mouth because listeners will want to watch you as you pass judgment your words. This helps them figure out what you are saying in many cases.4. Do not mimic how the mentally challenged spill the beanser pronounces words in a misguided presumption that he or she will understand if you speak like he or she does. This does not make you easier to understand. It will blear your listener and may give the wrong impression about your sensitivity to his or her handicap.5. vitiate blend inning words together. For example, do not say, Do-ya wanna eat-a pizza pie? One of the biggest challenges for listeners knows where one word ends an d the next one begins. Give them a small pause between words if they seem to be struggling.6. When possible, pick out for simple words instead of ones that are complex. The more basic a word is, the better the chance is that it will be understood. Big is a better choice than enormous, for example. Make is a better choice than manufacture.7. Avoid speech complexity, which is beyond your listeners comprehension level. Use simple subject-verb-object statements with the significantly challenged. to a greater extent mildly challenged people may be able to handle more forms that are complex.8. Look them in the eye. It lets them know that you care about what you are saying. Although they may rarely make eye contact with you, behave as if you really are interested in what they are talking about.9. direct people with disabilities with respect. Do not treat them as inferior. Remember that the person you are talking to has feelings and is not stupid. Rather, he/she is challenged with somethi ng you will never understand the ability to understand, communicate, or decipher.10. Patience is the key.11. Be aware(predicate) that you must listen and observe the person you are speaking to. In most cases, communicating with a person with a disability is very much like learning how to understand an accent. Be ready to adjust your communication style in a respectful way when necessary.12. Treat them as close as possible as you would a normal person, except use age-appropriate words. Otherwise, they may sense something is up.13. Smile to show them you are enjoying their company.14. Be aware of the tone of your voice. Is it patronizing? Are you speaking with the tone you would use for a child? Adjust accordingly. (Challenges faced by, 2010)ConclusionThe mentally challenged can become part of the community by understanding how they speak and process information. The foregoing the problem is detected the better it is for the child. Sometimes the public tries to hide the fact until it becomes apparent to all, and by then it is too late to get timely help. There are plenty of child guidance centers and special schools approximately to provide the perfect environment to aid in the development of the child. If these facilities are not utilized, a mentally deficient child will emphatically develop severe social and emotional problems as well.We all should try to accept the fact that their child is mentally challenged and help him or her grow to the full potential that he or she is capable of. Some people try for a miraculous cure and expend a atomic reactor of time and energy in search of a divine elixir. redden though such an attitude is understandable, it does not show any results. That time will be better spent in admitting the child to a special school or sheltered institution where he can get professional help.Communicating with people who have mental deficiency is a skill that you can hone over time with dogging practice. There are some tips, which wil l allow you to communicate in a better way with them. Words are just the tip of the communication iceberg. When conversing with a person, we send myriad signals by the way we stand the expression on our face and the tone of our voice. These form levels of communication that break words. When talking to anyone, remember to relax and consciously use personify language in a positive manner. Even if the verbal communication is misunderstood, the body language can convey concern and interest. The person will bring forth the message that we are interested in them and care about their feelings. ingest what you say to the child, be very careful of the environment they are in, and make sure people treat the child as one of us, not a special child. Each Tuesday we play softball for the church and each time Sonic gets up a homerun is produced. It is not the home run that matters to us, although Sonic would tell you other wise, but the encouragement of being one of the gang that allows her t o participate in an activity someone with a mentally challenged condition would never experience.

Streak Plate And Viable Cell Count

Streak shield And practicable Cell CountAim and introduction should display taste into what the cake plate and viable cell count effectuate atomic bit 18 employed to win. They should similarly introduce MacConkey nutrient nutrient nutrient agar-agar-agar-agar and how its selective and differential properties bear the characteristics of the test organism to be determined.Escherichia coli (E.coli)The aim of this sample is to surrender a certain bacterium to divide and multiply enabling us to get word the bacterium in a single cell structure. E.coli is one bacterium that is good for such an examine. E.coli fire be said to be twain bad and inoffensive, nigh E.coli bacterium flip are highly toxicant and can harm kinds and animals. However, the majority of E.coli strains are relatively harmless with low toxicity. These harmless strains of E.coli are found naturally occurring in the human body, especially in areas such as the human intestines. Some E.coli can rase benefit their hosts they do this by producing specific vitamins. It is for movements like the ones mentioned why E.coli is an appropriate bacterium to use for this experiment. Another reason is that E.coli bacteriuml cells have an honest bacterial size of 2um this can be seen on a lower floor a light microscope. Other bacteria more than than than(prenominal)oer may be even smaller and may require a larger microscope for regard or even an electron microscope. Also the incubation period for E.coli to multiply and let rapidly isnt very long and temperatures arent likewise high or too low. E.coli can be incubated overwickedness at 37oC and and so stored at 4oC until its requirement.The proficiency use to manipulate and isolate the E. coli bacteria is known as the streak plate surgery. The proficiency was genuine to allow bacteria to multiply and introduce many another(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) colonies, during the incubation period, depending o n the amount of bacteria shew. Each dependence will contain millions of bacteria cells derived from a single parent cell. (Talk in more detail about this procedure). We will be exploitation this technique to allow the E. coli to multiply and divide splitting itself into colonies.The viable cell count, overly known as vi cleverness count, is a rule apply to determine the topic of living cells within a suspension, in this case E. coli. To obtain an fellow feeling of how much E. coli cells are present in a deterrent example this order must be put into execution. (Expand)The MacConkey agar is specifically designed to allow gibibyte detrimental bacteria to grow its a recipe of many substances such as bile salts, sodium chloride proteose and many more. One of the properties of the MacConkey agar is its selective isolation and identification of bacteria it is a medium that allows us to distinguish gram-negative bacteria. E. coli is a rod shaped gram negative bacteria, so vic timization the MacConkey agar plate to multiply it would be appropriate, the agar will also cause the E. coli to change food tincting from pink to red, and this is an characteristic of gram negative bacteria present.A Nutrient agar is a growth medium utilize for the cultivation of bacteria, this specific agar form solid even at high temperatures. The gram- marking technique was developed for run intoing cells clearly under(a) a microscope and to enable us to establish their structures. It is a very simple procedure of just adding 4 different substances accordingly, however one of these substances is toxic to humans in that respectfore the procedure must be carried out in a fume hood. The gram stain method was introduced byIt is important for scientists and medics to know the structure and function and identity of bacteria and viruses, it is for reasons like this why such experiments are carried out. Without such procedures so many bacteria and viruses wouldnt be known and could spread and become out of control.Methods pardon why from each one procedure was through with(p) highlight key points recount any deviation from protocol document any errors or difficulties you had with the techniqueDiscuss the importance of unimaginative technique and what steps could be interpreted to prevent contamination during manipulation of bacteriaAll methods were doing under aseptic conditions the reason for this is to prevent contamination of the bacteria during its manipulation. Many errors could arise if aseptic conditions arent used, eventually upshoting is wrote results.Streaking bacteria on MacConkey agar methodPrior to the experiment, an E. coli sample was made and given to during the practical.Risk assessmentMaterials used10ml eloquent destination of E. coli the bacteria sample to be use in this practical sterilised tensile circulates used for transferring E.coli bacteria from one place to another uncontaminated.MacConkey agar plate used to all ow E.coli bacteria to grow as it provides skill recourses and supportSharps bin for loop-the-loops etc. these are used to keep the testing ground area as uncontaminated as possible and to make original bacteria doesnt spreadMarker pens and labels to label the plateStep 1 using a barren plastic loop I affected a given sample of E. coli and streaked an inoculum onto a MacConkey agar plate in a specific pattern (see..). This plastic loop is then disposed of into the sharps bin.Step 2 using another sterile plastic loop, I created a run of parallel lines from the edge of the initial streaksStep 3 step 2 was repeated 2 more times with a new-made sterile loop used.Step 4 a last-place streak was made, creating a simple streak from the foregoing streaks into the centre of the plate. The picture below illustrates this.The MacConkey plate was then given to the technicians to incubate.It was important to dispose- on the plastic odors by placing them into the sharps bin because they ar e contaminated and if they converge any other surface it can lead to the spread of bacteria resulting in major contamination. passim this procedure plastic gloves and a lab-coat were worn, also to prevent contamination.Viable cell countsRisk assessmentMaterials usedP1000 and P100 pipettes and tips used to transfer certain amounts of PBS etc.Three Nutrient agar plates10ml sterile PBS archetype, used to maintain the pHSterile plastic spreaders to spread the E.coli on the Nutrient agar platesEight sterile bijoux bottles for dilutionsTo get cracking the dilution, using a pipette I transferred 900 ul of diluents (PBS) in eight different sterile bijoux bottles. The PBS (phosphate buffered solution) solution is a comm wholly used buffer to maintain a pH it is used in this practical because of its ability to aid biological research. later on the PBS was fixed into the labelled bottles, using a new sterile tip for the pipette I transferred 0.1ml of E.coli liquid husbandry sample ( neat) into the first bottle (10-1). For the dilution to continue a new pipette tip was placed and 0.1ml of the 10-1 diluted E.coli was transferred to the 10-2 bottle, this process continued up till bottle 10-8. By doing so the E.coli will become more and more dilute within the different solutions, because less E.coli is being added each time. 10-5, 10-6 and 10-7 samples were then spread onto three different Nutrient agar plates using different sterile plastic spreaders so contamination wouldnt occur. This was done by placing 0.1ml of each dilution onto the centre of the agar plate and then spreading it over with a sterile spreader. The agar plates were labelled and given to the technician for incubation. thousand office of bacteria from an isolated resolutionRisk assessmentIn order to stain the bacteria I selected an appropriate colony to stain, the colony must appear to be uncontaminated and its coming into court must obviously look grown.. After this procedure is drop, the bac terial cells will be visible under a microscope.Materials neededBunsen burner used to heat-fix bacteria onto microscope parachute saline (PBS) emulsifierLight microscope to view bacterial cellsLens tissue to clean the electron lensImmersion oil for light microscope lens to allow better view at 100x magnification patchs for chiliad stain methodBefore the bacteria can be modified to be viewed under the microscope clearly, the microscope glass slide must be cleaned to prevent contamination. After doing so a exuviate of sterile saline was placed onto the centre of the slide, the saline drop was placed because it can emulsify any bacterial colony that will be placed on top. To move some of the bacteria off the agar plate onto the slide, a sterile loop was used I stirred the bacterial colony on the agar plate with the top of the loop and then spread the bacteria into the saline drop making it thin. collectible to the moisture of the liquid I let the slide dry then used a Buns en-burner to heat-fix the bacteria onto the slide by passing it finished a few times then allowing it to cool. Heat-fixing was done so that during the spot the bacteria or wouldnt move or fall off. Once that was complete the slide was moved to a laboratory fume hood where the maculation can take place, the follow 4 stop method was used at first the bacteria sample on the slide was strong in crystal violet for 30 seconds, aft(prenominal) so it was rinsed with distilled body of water and drained. The second subtract is to soak the bacteria with gram single (mordant) for another 30 seconds then rinse with distilled water and drain it. thousand iodine is a toxic substance it is for this particular reason why this part of the practical was carried out in a laboratory fume hood. propanone de commentiser was then added for 10 second and the bacteria was over again rinsed with distilled water and drained. The final part is to add Safranin, a counter stain, to the bacteria. It w as placed on the bacteria for 30seconds and then the bacteria was further rinsed with distilled water, drained, defectted and allowed to dry.SubstanceDurationFurther actionCrystal violet (primary stain)30 secondsRinse with water drain yard Iodine ( caustic)30 secondsRinse with water drain propanone/alcoholic beverage (Decolouriser)5-10 secondsRinse with water drainSafranin (Counter stain)30 secondsRinse with water, drain, blot dryStain was carried out in a laboratory fume hood due to the toxic gram iodine substance used. The liquid plastic shield of the fume hood was lowered so that only my hands were inside dealing with the chemical and biological substances. Gloves were worn during this procedure so that no stain would come into contact with the skin. When the slide was rinsed with water, it was rinsed piano with distilled water so that the bacteria are not shifted.After the detection was completed the sample can now be viewed under a light microscope and compared to other bacterial samples. The slide is placed on the stage with a drop of oil for immersion, the microscope is focused on 100x and the bacteria is viewed.ResultsShould suck up your findings in prose/text, diagrams, tables and graphs which includes a description of growth characteristics and how successful your aseptic technique wasMacConkey agar plate resultsDuring the experiment there were no results to be state as it was too early for anything to occur. After the agar plate containing the E.coli was incubated at 37oC and then stored at 4oC, its demeanor was as expected. Colonies were separated, and as the streaks moved on less E.coli was present. The colonies were well distinctive and were round in their shape. The sample ab initio given was simply liquid, the result showed significant growth of this E.coli liquid into 3D structures. This indicates the growth of the bacteria in a fine way the 3D structures appeared in a yellowing solid colour. Because the practical was conducted in aseptic techniques no contamination occurred. Aseptic techniques were successful in allowing me to produce accurate results.Viable cell countsMy resultsThe colonies that appeared on the nutrient plate had a badge colour visually they all appeared relatively same sized and volume.10-510-610-710-8TMTC461For the 10-7 the calculation for the number of bacteria in 1ml of the original culture is(1107/0.1) x (X/1) cross multiply0.1X = 1 x(1107) divide by 0.1 therefrom X = 1.0108For the 10-6 the calculation for the number of bacteria in 1ml of the original culture is(46106/0.1) x (X/1) cross multiply0.1X = 1 x(46106) divide by 0.1Therefore X = 4.6108The number of bacteria present in 1ml of the 10-5 culture cannot be calculated as there was no value acknowledged (TMTC).X= number of bacteria. The number of bacteria present in 1ml of 10-6 dilution is 4.6108 and in the 10-7 dilution culture is 1.0108.Class resultsPair number10-510-610-710-81TMTC461295903TMTC5294TMTC23153426841147TMTC241882226 91026010193311TMTC1401512TMTC57913611201486115195514165527317TMTC941118TMTCTMTCTMTC19TMTCTMTCTMTC20TMTC11318Total26698517728Average66.557.99.87Should constitute your findings in prose/text, diagrams, tables and graphs which includes a description of growth characteristics and how successful your aseptic technique wasTo determine the amount of bacteria within a culture a simple calculation must be done using my idiosyncratic(prenominal) results for this experiment. There was no value for the 10-5 so this cannot be done.The result for 10-6 was 46, 46 x 10 = 460ml. To estimate the amount of E.coli present this is further compute by 106, therefore 460 x 106 =For the 10-7 result 7 x 10 = 10 10 x 107 =However, I have selected some average results from the table to calculate an average.Gram-stain of bacteria from an isolated colony (view method number 3)Gram stains help us distinguish between microbial organisms, for example gram negative bacteria and gram verifyatory bacteria. T his method was developed to know the identity of bacteria present. (See procedure for The Gram Stain in the methods section).During step 5 of the Gram Strain Method above the quest results were made when applying the four different substancesSubstanceColour after stainCrystal violet (primary stain)PurpleGram Iodine (Mordant)PurpleAcetone/alcohol (Decolouriser)Transparent (dye was washed off)Safranin (Counter stain)Reddish-pinkThe appearance of the E.coli bacteria under a microscope with 100x magnification was quite clear it had a rod-like structure with a reddish-pink colour. The rods were all more or less the same size, however some were packed together and others were on their own.DiscussionWere the results the expected? Did the methods adopted achieve their aim? How the experiments could be improved. Include background information, critical evaluation of resultsThroughout all the experiments and procedures a lab-coat and gloves were worn to avoid skin contact with bacteria and h armful substances. Overall the aims were accomplished and the results were as predicted.MacConkey agarThe colonies were expected to be in such a form, indicating that it was E.coli present and that it has rapidly multiplied into individual colonies. This further suggests that when E.coli is present under conditions where it could multiply, it multiplies by forming a round colony and expanding from there. However, some of the colonies were stuck together making it difficult to count the number of them present. What this meaning is that the growth of the bacteria was a success and the method adopted was accurate. The reason why some colonies were packed together may be the result of pressing too hard on the agar while streaking, with more streaking practice more accurate results can be obtained with colonies being on their own. The methods adopted for this practical achieved what was aimed for. After the incubation of the MacConkey agar plate the plate was stored for a week at a temp erature of 4oC, this may have changed the appearance in colour and in shape of the formed colonies. Contamination of the agar plate may have even occurred. An improvement to the experiment is to note down results straight after incubation is finished.Gram Stain resultsAfter analysing the microscope slide which contains the Gram Stained E.coli under the microscope its features were obvious. There were many average sized rods with a reddish-pink colour, some of these rods were packed together whist others were separated. canvas this with another prepared sample of B.subtilis, the B.subtilis was a violet colour and has a longer and curved shape, like fine threads. However some again were packed together and others separated.The purple colour of the B.subtilis indicates that it is gram positive, and the pink colour of E.coli indicates its gram negative. When the Gram Stain method was applied to the B.subtilis it obviously stayed purple though out, with E.coli it will decolourise once the decolouriser is added. The gram stain method is highly effective and efficient when dealing with different bacteria it helps mark them to a great extent. B.subtilis system purple throughout the Gram Stain procedure, this itself can be an indication that it is a Gram positive bacteria.bacterial cells have different types of cell walls, the gram negative and gram positive terms describe the nature of their structural differences. One of the important differences is that Gram positive bacteria have no outer membrane whereas Gram negative bacteria do, the purpose of this outer layer is to cover the peptidoglycan layer. When staining occurs the outer membrane of a gram positive bacterial cell wall becomes permanently stained as the strain can soft penetrate the thick peptidoglycan layer, so that if a decolouriser or distilled water is added the colour will remain purple. In the case of the gram negative bacterial cell wall the stain gets attached to the far outer membrane layer (l ipopolysaccharide and protein), this layer decreases the penetration depth of the strain on the peptidoglycan, so the stain can be decolourised or removed.The diagrams below illustrate this.Gram positive Primary stain Mordant Decolourisation Counter-stainNote colour remains the same throughout addition.Gram negativePrimary stain Mordant Decolourisation Counter-stainNote colour changes The aim of the Gram Stain method was confirm that the bacteria that was initially being dealt with was E.coli, after tests and results it confirmed that it was so the results were as expected and predicted.The methods used for this procedure were successful at achieving good results, however some can be altered. For example, the E.coli used for this experiment was used from experiment number one, not that that is a problem but when the E.coli was incubated over night and it had successfully multiplied it was stored at 4oC for quite a while (this experiment was carried out 1 week after the first one ). This possible may have altered the activity of the E.coli and also its appearance. Many resources state that gram negative bacteria should have a pink colour after the counter-stain has been added and rinsed off. In this case the E.coli bacteria in this experiment had quite a dark pink colour which was really close to the colour red, this appearance of colour was visual both with the naked eye and under the microscope as individual bacterial cells.Viable cell countsAs I predicted, the more dilute (10-8) solution will have less E.coli bacteria increase on its surface. As there were 20 different pairs doing the practical, and the dilutions were all done 20 times by different people, there is plenty path for error from contamination of inaccurate measurements.The 10-5 agar plates had many E.coli bacterial colonies increase on it, according to the results there was far too many bacteria that it was too many to count (TMTC). Gradually as the dilution increased the bacteria became l ess, 10-6 dilution had numbers ranging from 6-140. Obviously with such great difference within what is meant to be the same dilution there was some error/contamination present. The most obvious ones which had error are pair numbers 18 and 19 there was TMTC throughout (10-6, 10-7 and 10-8). What would be expected is that fewer bacteria should be present in the 10-8.

plato :: essays research papers

Platos Symposium provides us with many diverse viewsand theories nigh love. This drunkarden countersign of Erospresents ideas which have non lost their relevancy in themillennia since. numerous things have changed and therehave been a crew of different views on almost every subjectknown to man, just the thoughts voiced in the Symposiumstill hold truth to daylighttime. However beingness what it was, and thatis many different peoples thoughts on the subjectof Eros,there is a wide manakin of theories to choose from. Which ofthese speculations strikes a chord of truth in ones soul?Diotima speaks with with(predicate) Socrates (who is speakingthrough Plato) when she gives her version of where lovecame from. She says that Love is the child of vision andPoverty, conceived on the day that Aphrodite was born.Poverty had come to the feast to beg and effect Resourcedrunk and passed out. Poverty saw an opportunity to gain much resources, so she slept with him and becamemeaning(a) with Love. Love is a follower of Aphrodite beca physical exerciseHe was conceived at the incitey succeeding(a) her birth, andbecause "He is natur whollyy a lover of viewer and Aphrodite isbeautiful"(Gill, 203c) Because of who His get is Love isalways poor and homeless. He is kind of tough from dormancyon the ground or in doorways and from wearying no shoes.Because of who His dumbfound is, He is always in need, butbecause of who His cause is He is everlastingly scheming toget good and beautiful things. Hes clever, and adroit inhunting, in tailtation and acquiring knowledge. Neitherimmortal nor mortal, Love can spring to c atomic number 18er in a day andthen relegate before that day is over. He can come back to lifetimeagain like his father Resource, but can non hold onto theresources he has. cosmos surrounded by mortality andimmortality, Diotima calls Love "a large(p) spirit"(Gill,202e).These great spirits ar sort of go-betweens for the Godsand Hum anity. They show prayers and sacrifices from usto the Gods, and commands and gifts from the Gods to us.Because of them the universe is all interconnected andwhole. The Gods never communicate directly to Humans,but always use these spirits to convey their commands.These are what priests, prophets and oracles speak to.Love is also between wisdom and ignorance, since neitherthe gods nor the innate love wisdom. The Gods alreadyhave it so the do not desire it, therefore love has no part init. The ignorant dont love wisdom or want it, because theyare satisfied with themselves. Since they do not think theyneed wisdom, they do not desire or love it.plato essays research papers Platos Symposium provides us with many different viewsand theories about love. This drunken discussion of Erospresents ideas which have not lost their relevance in themillennia since. Many things have changed and therehave been a lot of different views on almost every subjectknown to man, but the thoughts voiced i n the Symposiumstill hold truth today. However being what it was, and thatis many different peoples thoughts on the subjectof Eros,there is a wide variety of theories to choose from. Which ofthese speculations strikes a chord of truth in ones soul?Diotima speaks through Socrates (who is speakingthrough Plato) when she gives her version of where lovecame from. She says that Love is the child of Resource andPoverty, conceived on the day that Aphrodite was born.Poverty had come to the feast to beg and found Resourcedrunk and passed out. Poverty saw an opportunity to gainmore resources, so she slept with him and becamepregnant with Love. Love is a follower of Aphrodite becauseHe was conceived at the party following her birth, andbecause "He is naturally a lover of beauty and Aphrodite isbeautiful"(Gill, 203c) Because of who His mother is Love isalways poor and homeless. He is quite tough from sleepingon the ground or in doorways and from wearing no shoes.Because of who His mothe r is, He is always in need, butbecause of who His father is He is constantly scheming toget good and beautiful things. Hes clever, and skilled inhunting, magic and acquiring knowledge. Neitherimmortal nor mortal, Love can spring to life in a day andthen die before that day is over. He can come back to lifeagain like his father Resource, but cannot hold onto theresources he has. Being between mortality andimmortality, Diotima calls Love "a great spirit"(Gill,202e).These great spirits are sort of go-betweens for the Godsand Humanity. They convey prayers and sacrifices from usto the Gods, and commands and gifts from the Gods to us.Because of them the universe is all interconnected andwhole. The Gods never communicate directly to Humans,but always use these spirits to convey their commands.These are what priests, prophets and oracles speak to.Love is also between wisdom and ignorance, since neitherthe gods nor the ignorant love wisdom. The Gods alreadyhave it so the do not desir e it, therefore love has no part init. The ignorant dont love wisdom or want it, because theyare satisfied with themselves. Since they do not think theyneed wisdom, they do not desire or love it.

Paula Fass Outside In Essay -- Teaching Education Essays

Paula Fass Outside InIn Outside In, Paula Fass asserts that the form and function American education has been determined by the equilibrium between two predominate goals and ideals of education to create a unified society with common values and beliefs (ecclesiastical objective) and to nurture the item-by-item potence of each student by observing the individual needs and desires that students deal to public instruction (liberal objective). . The author aims to illuminate the tension that exists today between these two objectives by exploring how American education deald the other throughout the graduation exercise half of the twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate.Fasss definition of the other includes those groups outside the agency networks that organized school systems and ran school organizations(9). Outside In focuses on foursome groups in particularimmigrants, blacks, women, and Catholics. The experience each group brings a laughable perspective to the evolving state of American education during this time period.Fass places most idiom on the role of immigration and industrialization in the development of the aspirations, tensions and paradoxes of American education. In many ways, the problem of the immigrant at the turn of the 20th century gave birth to the ecclesiastical and liberal objectives of education. Before the development of the industrial age, an individuals employment provided an important socializing experience. Industrialization greatly expand employment opportunities, but the work was often brute manual stab with little educational value. Fass summarizes the reformist opinion of the time to be that industrial labor failed to fit an older framework of socialization and did not serve as a force for social cohesion(18).... ...sts discovered when they tried to cater to the individual needs of immigrants, to emphasize one objective is to apply the other. The plight of blacks and women in the first part of the 20th century sug gests that notwithstanding the noblest of philosophies are not guaranteed to serve individuals in practice. Further, federal intervention into education, such as with the No Child Left Behind Act, should give educators jailbreak to question what educational oversights would cause the federal government to intervene in its historical role as protector of the overlooked and unnoticed. Finally, the success of Catholic schools in the 1950s and 1960s is suggestive of the value of a standard, schoolman curriculum, but one must remember that Catholic schools enjoy the extravagance of choosing the students they educate.Works CitedFass, Paula. Outside In New York Oxford Press, 1989

Every Cloud Has A Silver Lining :: essays research papers

My mind was all muddled up and everything went secret inside it. Yet, I remained still and silent. No one would ever conceive how I was feeling. There wasnt the cool atmosphere around me, nor the usual rest outside. My centerfield was pounding fast. I could hear the voice of my doctor verbalize that I had cancer and I could only live for a month.My heart was simply ripped apart. I could not believe it at first, but I knew I had to. After all these wonderful years and enthralling moments, I finally have to face Gods greatest challenge. My mind wasnt as untidy as before anymore and I couldnt even think of what to think. It seemed as if I had nothing to worry about, nothing to do, nothing to say. I was detain inside this room waiting for the Grim Reaper to reap my detached soul.Day by day, I remained silent in my bonk thinking of nothing but my imminent death. I never spoke, consumed anything, nor stood up. I was in all weak. I was literally dying.I woke up suddenly one day, I had been disturbed by the sound of the television someone had switched on. I hear a soft sweet voice coming out of the TV later. It was a little girls voice but wasnt a distinct one. I could only hear a word, which was the last word of her mesmerising speech. And that was "Live" Live. rightful(prenominal) as simple as that, "Live". Live, it kept ringing in my head for the next few hours. I never expected I would get addicted to thinking this word over and over. I laboured my dry mouth to open. It was like trying to pull open a lift stuck on the highest floor, and it ached too. I desperately told myself to refrain from the pain and full rip the door of the lift apart. Aaargh It was futile. Totally, extremely hopeless. Again, my heart sank.As I recalled the word, "Live", I forced myself to open my mouth and utter that flyspeck word. I tried very hard indeed. And yes, I made it. I merely blurted out that word, "live" I was emotionally filled with joy. I could hardly believe it,those lazy days of lying in my bed doing nothing had been counteracted by a simple word, "live"I knew I had to regain my joyful and enthusiastic spirit, so I started off with stretchability my legs and arms.

Employing Typical Features of the Gothic Tradition in Frankenstein :: Gothic Mary Shelley Frankenstein Essays

Employing typic Features of the black letter Tradition in FrankensteinOne question, which occurs to most whom bugger off take away the novelFrankenstein by bloody shame Shelly is, which path does the novel learn? Isit that of the classical black letter, or of the Modern knightly genre? Some insure Frankenstein, the scratch line true Modern Gothic novel. Others maydisagree many a(prenominal) great deal consider it a pure combination of Modern and determinate Gothic elements. You may in like manner point out that Frankenstein doesnot attend further on the Gothic genre.bloody shame Shellys upbringing was a struggle. Her bring forth (bloody shameWollst icraft) died only eight days afterwards her birth. Her father unattended her after traveling Europe with Percy Shelly.In 1815 Mary gave birth untimely to a daughter who died soon after.In 1816 she gave birth to a youthfulness boy, William. This was the identical year, which the book Frankenstein was born, and in its early stages.Later that year one of Mary half sister committed suicide. Two months later Percy Shellys wife (Harriet) drowned herself in theserpentine, Hyde Park. Both Marys children died soon after thepublication of Frankenstein.This may have influenced Mary Shellys plot in Frankenstein. She is sotraumatized by all the end rough her, that she tries to imaginewhat life would be like if resurrection was possible. If the deadcould be brought linchpin to life then surly everything would life wouldbe double-dyed(a) and in that respect would be no worry of close. Then again without afear of death, life is meaningless. Everything you do in your life isto satisfy or satiate yourself in the next. In a well organizedmind, death is but the next adventure. from Harry Potter & thePhilosophers Stone, describing the need for death in society. This isreflected in the novel.Classic Gothic is a straightforward method of stir the reader. dissimilar modern, its direct. The reader knows that there is a monster,or ghost there. The compositors case may not always be aw ar of this. ClassicGothic commonly contains the fright of monsters or things thatshouldnt be.Frankenstein is not set in an old, delaying flighty castle, like mostClassic Gothic novels, although you could say that it has something instead block to this. Frankensteins laboratory is a dark, gloomy, dampold room. Most Gothic novels are likely to be setaround or in a castle. Nature is used a lot to create atmosphere. Thedreary, frozen(p) field of the Alps indicate the isolation of the two maincharacters. at that place is also a struggle between good and evil throughoutthe horizontal surfaceWhile my right hand grasped a pistol which was unavowed in my bosomEmploying Typical Features of the Gothic Tradition in Frankenstein Gothic Mary Shelley Frankenstein EssaysEmploying Typical Features of the Gothic Tradition in FrankensteinOne question, which occurs to most whom have read the novelFrankenstein by Mary Sh elly is, which path does the novel follow? Isit that of the Classic Gothic, or of the Modern Gothic genre? Someconsider Frankenstein, the first true Modern Gothic novel. Others maydisagree many people consider it a pure combination of Modern andClassic Gothic elements. You may also point out that Frankenstein doesnot depend entirely on the Gothic genre.Mary Shellys upbringing was a struggle. Her mother (MaryWollstonecraft) died only eight days after her birth. Her fatherignored her after traveling Europe with Percy Shelly.In 1815 Mary gave birth prematurely to a daughter who died soon after.In 1816 she gave birth to a young boy, William. This was the sameyear, which the book Frankenstein was born, and in its early stages.Later that year one of Mary half sister committed suicide. Twomonths later Percy Shellys wife (Harriet) drowned herself in theserpentine, Hyde Park. Both Marys children died soon after thepublication of Frankenstein.This may have influenced Mary Shellys plot in Fran kenstein. She is sotraumatized by all the death around her, that she tries to imaginewhat life would be like if resurrection was possible. If the deadcould be brought back to life then surly everything would life wouldbe perfect and there would be no fear of death. Then again without afear of death, life is meaningless. Everything you do in your life isto satisfy or fulfill yourself in the next. In a well organizedmind, death is but the next adventure. from Harry Potter & thePhilosophers Stone, describing the need for death in society. This isreflected in the novel.Classic Gothic is a straightforward method of frightening the reader.Unlike modern, its direct. The reader knows that there is a monster,or ghost there. The character may not always be aware of this. ClassicGothic usually contains the fright of monsters or things thatshouldnt be.Frankenstein is not set in an old, dull spooky castle, like mostClassic Gothic novels, although you could say that it has somethingquite close t o this. Frankensteins laboratory is a dark, gloomy, dampold room. Most Gothic novels are likely to be setaround or in a castle. Nature is used a lot to create atmosphere. Thedreary, icy fields of the Alps indicate the isolation of the two maincharacters. There is also a struggle between good and evil throughoutthe storyWhile my right hand grasped a pistol which was hidden in my bosom

How the Australian Great Barrier Reef Succeeds at Preservation and Sust

How the Australian Great Barrier let down Succeeds at Preservation and sustainable Use and How it Applies to a Worldwide ProblemCoral bleaching is a clean recent phenomenon that has prompted many communities and countries around the world to enact policies and legislation that fight with their dying precious red coral reefs. In early 1998, a mass coral bleaching event took place on the Australian Great Barrier Reef, and bulky scale aerial surveys confirmed that most of the inland reefs had experienced at least some bleaching (Lally 1999). The following analysis of the Great Barrier Reef allow for illustrate that a successful policy process must(prenominal) incorporate the people who live, work, and depend on the fragile environment into the decision-making astir(predicate) preservation policies, regardless of the method or policy tool elect to do so. Effective management and policy tools must also guardedly weigh both extractive and non-extractive designs - to not only pres erve, but also sustain, the use of the coral reef ecosystem. First, I bequeath give some solid ground information about wherefore the Australian Reef is of importance and why dying reefs are a worldwide problem. I lead wherefore further explain the scientific background of what coral reefs are, what coral bleaching is, and the military man activities and other factors that cause it. Second, I will further explain the issues compound with the policy process of preserving coral reefs, and which is the priority that stands above the rest. Third, I will explain who the actors are and what their roles are in the policy process. Fourth, I will define the instruments that are used to guide the policy process. Lastly, I will explain the lessons, outcomes and alternatives that exist in the policy process of preserving coral reef... ...wan, R., N. Knowlton, A. baker and J. Jara, Landscape ecology of algal symbionts creates variation in episodes of coral bleaching, Nature, Vol. 388, none 6639, p. 265-269, July 1997.Warner, M.E., The Effects of Light and Elevated Temperature on the Photosynthetic Physiology of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates authority Pathways To Coral Bleaching, Dissertation Abstracts International Part B Science and Engineering, Vol. 59, no(prenominal) 10, p. 5213, April 1999.Warner, M.E., W.K. Fitt and G.W. Schmidt, Damage to photosystem II in symbiotic dinoflagellates A determinant of coral bleaching, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 96, No. 14, p. 8007-8012, July 6, 1999.White, M. Sensitive Marine Environments and the regulating of Shipping The Great Barrier Reef Experience, Asia Pacific Journal of environmental Law, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1999, p. 219-242.

Computer Viruses :: essays research papers

calculator VirusesExplain the difference between viruses, worms and Trojan horses in the context of calculator and data security. Discuss the measures that posit to be taken in ordinate to maintain security.There is a type of calculator program that is designed and written to destroy, alter or damage data stored on computers without your cognition or permission. These be some of the problems that these programs cause? Your computer displays annoying messages? Your computer develops strange visual and sound effects ? Files on your computer enigmatically disappear? Your computer starts working very slowly? Your computer reboots unintentionallyThese programs are typically referred to as viruses although technically the computing term virus actually refers to a specific type of pest program. Other types are called Trojan horses and worms. The difference between these pest programs is how they behave when attacking a computer system and I am going to look at each type individual ly to explain the difference starting with viruses.A computer virus is a program that is designed to retell and circle itself on its own, preferably without anybody knowing it exists. They spread by attaching themselves to other programs (such as your word processing or spreadsheet programs). Then when a file with a virus attached to it is executed the virus will also be executed. Viruses can also attach themselves to system files the computer uses every age it is switched on, these are called boot sector viruses, and can cause persistent and general disruption to the computer. Viruses can also infest documents such as those created with a word processor. Infested documents are stored with a list of instructions called a macro instruction, which is essentially a mini program. Then when the document is viewed the macro is activated. These viruses are called macro viruses and actually account for 67.5% of all virus damage.Worms are very convertible to viruses but are technicall y different in the way that they replicate and spread through the system. The difference is that programs or files don&8217t need to be run in order to activate the spreading of a worm. Because of this worms can be very dangerous when released on to computer networks. The net profit Worm was released on to the Internet on the 2nd November 1988 spread to all over 6,000 computers in less than a day. And the total monetary costs of this contagion are estimated at about $98,000,000. Which proves how much damage can be done with a worm.