Random Drug Testing vs Employees Privacy Rights Essay

A. Court Cases Affecting Privacy of Employees and Drug Testing in the Workplace 1. Supreme Court cases affirming drug testing a. Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Association 109 S.Ct 1402(1989) b. National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab, 109 S.Ct. 1384 (1989) 2. Other lower court and State court rulings a. Kraslawsky v. Upper Deck 56 Cal.App.4th 179, 66 Cal Rptr.2d.297(CA 4, 1997) b. Pettus v. DuPont, 49 Cal.App.4th402, 57 Cal.Rptr.2d 46 (1997) 3. Supreme Court cases dealing with Privacy in general a. Griswold v. Connecticut381 U.S. 479, dealing with individual rights to privacy B. How Do You Define Drugs? 1. Just Illegal Drugs on the Street? 2. Alcohol can be abused to? C. What is Reasonable Suspicion?†¦show more content†¦The act provided that programs had to be legal and be communicated to the employee. Discipline was left up to the employers discretion. If the employee was found guilty of criminal sanctions, the employer must administer some type of employment sanctions towards the individual also. Most of the programs were and are focused on rehabilitation and recycling of the employee back into the work environment. Privacy was extremely important with this act. It was important that the employer only used drug testing for pre-employment and not as an on going harassment of the employees if they were not found to be abusers. A number of legal definitions of privacy really have come about due to the 1890 Harvard Law Review article Right to Privacy, written by Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis. They felt that it is the right of the individual was to be let alone and that the press or anyone else should not infringe upon his/her privacy. I n conjunction with the Law Review, the case of Griswold v. Connecticut (381 U.S. 479) also addressed privacy. Justice Douglas wrote that the individual should be afforded a zone of privacy around their person, which cannot be violated by government intrusion. It is articles and cases like these that have shaped our current legal system and how they look at the individual privacy issue. Many cases have been decided on these decisions and articles. There have been someShow MoreRelatedSocial Justice Society (Sjs), Petitioner, vs. Dangerous Drugs Board and Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (Pdea), Respondents. Facts: in Its Petition for Prohibition Under Rule 65, Petitioner Social Justice Society (Sjs)1441 Words   |  6 PagesEN BAEN BANC [G.R. No. 157870, November 03, 2008] SOCIAL JUSTICE SOCIETY (SJS), PETITIONER, VS. DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD AND PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA), RESPONDENTS. Facts: In its Petition for Prohibition under Rule 65, petitioner Social Justice Society (SJS), a registered political party, seeks to prohibit the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) from enforcing paragraphs (c), (d), (f), and (g) of Sec. 36 of RA 9165 on the ground that they areRead MoreDrug Testing the Less Fortunate 1023 Words   |  4 PagesShould drug testing be a necessity for all state and federal aid programs? Drug testing welfare recipients have been a major issue across the United States for a few years now. Many indicate that if working class people are subject to a test prior to hire or randomly during the duration of employment, why should those that don’t have to work for money not have the same treatment? The government estimated that random annual drug testing for welfare recipients would cost each taxpayer an additionalRead MoreEssay about Search and Seizure in the Public Schools1487 Words   |  6 PagesSearch S eizure in the Public Schools To fully understand the role and related responsibilities of search and seizure in the public schools, the Constitutional rights of the students and case law must be examined. The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution states: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmationRead MoreCourse Summary: Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage2306 Words   |  10 PagesResource Management Chapters 1,2,4,5,6,16 Chapter 1: Gaining a Competitive Advantage * Competiveness ability to maintain share in industry (related to effectiveness) * Human Resource Management policies, practices, systems that influence employees’ behaviour, attitude and performance analysing and design of work, planning, recruiting, selection, training, compensation, performance management, employee relations * HRM practices should be strategic * HR has 3 product lines administrativeRead MoreMktg 390 Exam 3 Study Guide6891 Words   |  28 PagesMKTG 390, Exam 3 1. 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Headquartered in Virginia with 1,500 employees, the HR department primarily performed administrative support activities. But when Donald Borwhat, Jr., took over as Senior Vice President of Human Resources, he and his staff began by restructuring and decentralizing the HR entity so that each functionalRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesCompositor: Newgen–India Printer: Courier Corporation/Kendallville  © 2008, 2005 Duxbury, an imprint of Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrievalRead MoreOccupational Stress: Causes and Management11211 Words   |  45 Pagesworkplaces and this has helped to make jobs more fragmented in terms of narrowing duties and tasks thus leaving workers to be more disconnected with the final product. This creates workplace challenges, boredom, and reduces the satisfaction that employees gain from their jobs (Pope et al., 1997). This research project will thus help to add knowledge that is known on the subject as well as to develop strategies to utilize intelligence, decision-making and creativity to red uce occupational stress.

Essay on Wrong Age, Wrong Choice Alcohol Abuse - 789 Words

Statistics show that alcohol make a big impact to the world and everybody in it. According to Wikipedia, â€Å"It is an an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom† (Alcohol). Based on the people around the world, alcohol is an enjoyment for them to relax, to forget peer pressure and also is used as an excuse for people to hang out and get drunk. And it is also one of the reason lead to accidents and crime ,which happens almost everyday and kill many people. But a lot of people really don’t understand the actual dangers of alcohol. So they want to lower the minimum drinking age from 21 to 18 because they think 18 years old adult is enough mature to handle. Although in reality, it would kill†¦show more content†¦By keeping it at 21, It will strongly limit the high damages and danger alcohol can bring to the drinker and others. The Drinking Age Law should stay the same is the best option, in behalf of lowering it from 21 to 18 will irresponsibly allow a greater segment of the populations to drink alcohol in bars and nightclubs, which are not safe environments. To better understand this position, according to the police; half of drivers are arrested for driving while intoxicated or killed as alcohol-involved drivers in traffic crashes did their drinking at licensed establishments. Since it is deadly for lower it, kids that 18 are over-confident and think that they can control themselves by driving car after drinking alcohol that lead to getting hurt and also for the others. Clearly, people with higher age will have higher responsibility, more mature by controlling themselves whenever something occurs. Even though if crime is made by them, they can be punishment and have responsible for it without involving the parents. With the result of bad impact for lower the Law, it will be best to keep it at 21 years ol d instead of 18 years old because drinking is not a game to play around with when people are under peer pressure. However, other people think that drinking is an enjoyable activity that they deserve to have after a longShow MoreRelatedShould The Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered?1138 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol is consumed by people for many different reason such as celebrations, peer pressure, anxiety, boredom, sadness, insomnia, and rebellion. These are just a few reason why people may consume alcohol. The category of people also includes teenagers. Many on-going debates have flagged this question whether drinking should be lowered to eighteen or not? Citizens have gave details regarding the affirmative and negative views of the minimum drinking age be lowered to eighteen. Do you think that itRead MoreChild Abuse Essay1749 Words   |  7 PagesLauren Arnold 3rd hour Mrs. Williams Effects of Abuse on Babies, Infants, and Toddlers Later in Life The causes of child abuse on infants, babies, and toddlers are catastrophic. There are several people who get abused from infancy to adultance. Each person who gets abused and survives the trauma is left with devastating memories. Many abused children come from homes that are disturbed, chaotic, and violent. (Markham). A child who has been abused is more likely to grow up into an angry teenagerRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Addiction On Children1506 Words   |  7 Pagesmember no matter their gender, race, or any other factors. Many parents are convinced it could never happen to their child, but they are wrong. â€Å"According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration s (SAMHSA s) National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 23.5 million persons aged 12 or older needed treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol abuse problem in 2009† (http://www.drugabuse.gov/). These statistics prove that drug addiction is a serious issue that affects families nationwideRea d MoreThe Psychology Of Addictive Behaviors1333 Words   |  6 PagesWhen dealing with addictive behaviors in Psychology, people find that adolescents are more likely to get involved with addictions and uncontrollable wants with things such as alcohol, smoking, drugs, sex, and much more. With those subjects listed, the age groups more prone to opening up doors to these addictions are the ages of 18-23. This is said for a number of reasons. There is loneliness from living away from home, there is more personal responsibility to manage, there is a desire to escape hardRead MoreUnderage Alcohol At A Young Age : The Peak Of Growth And Self Discovery1165 Words   |  5 Pageswith drugs or alcohol out of curiosity and when looking for a new way to have fun. Just think, teenagers are too old for games and too young for adult activities and responsibilities. Slurring words or acting in an altered way can provide entertainment for many teens. According to the Teen Rehab Center, 68% of high school seniors have tried alcohol at some point (â€Å"Drug†). Drinking alcohol at a young age can be detrimental. For example, those who start drinking alcohol before the age of 15 are sixRead MoreThe Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesBy the age of twenty-one, most people have at some point consumed an alcoholic beverage. For others, turning twenty-one might mean a whole new world of freedom. 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CQuest Marine Laboratory-Case-Study-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the CQuest Marine Laboratory. Answer: Introduction Geographical location and natural resources plays an integral part in the overall development of tourism and there is number of examples worldwide that proves that there is more to this. It is obvious that the capacity to utilize the gift of nature to attract more tourists is a common strategy. However, it is also important to build proper capacities for tourists and use of proper business strategies to gain more and more competitive advantage, with an edge which is harsh as well as competitive time hold a vital space for every kind of business that engages in the industry (Dwyer et al, 2017). The situation can further get more and more complicated with the mindset of the overall success of companies like CQuest Marine Laboratory since the motive is the success beside all the other factors. In number of other cases it is impacted by the overall hospitality of the population with a present region. The tourists returning to the region depend on the level of satisfaction they had during the first visit. The word of mouth of promotion makes it more crucial as well as influential. The report will discuss in detail about the activities that CQuest Marine Laboratory has to undertake in order to expand and be able to attract tourists as well as scientists (Niewiadomski, 2014). Procedure/Methodology There are different methods which could be used like the methods of the maricultural certification which is investigated mainly by the personal communication. There are certain cash flow projections that are made with the grow out facilities. The regulatory constraints are also investigated with the personal communications of how the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources are able to handle the research and development. The methodology is based on the operations and how the movement of the tourists groups have been able to lay down the cellular layout of the marine laboratory. This is also set through the tubular walkway. Findings The findings are projected based on the methods where there are different hatcheries that are important for the production of the marine aquarium fish. The CQuest is one of the largest hatchery where the other is the reef propositions with the small hatchery in Chicago. there are locations based on the research and development which is for the pilot age and for handling the supply of the small numbers with the tank raised fish to the marine aquarium. The market also includes the closed systems of the hatcheries with the productions of the marine aquarium fish. As per the effect, Doug and Amy has been able to realize about the non-optimized values that lead to the permits which are generally to allow the people working on a particular platform to handle the secured faster catamaran. The tourism rotations with the morning depart and the platform at the lunchtime is set with the proper effectiveness to double and increase the revenue outcome. The high-speed catamarans are also required for the 120 people to handle the platform settlement. Inorder to manage the quality, there are voyage to the platform which is a major concern. Operational issues The issues related to cost containment where the laboratory is challenged to find the ways to reduce the cost without sacrificing the quality standards. This is important for meeting the expectations of the people. Along with this, there is a need to work on the examination of possibilities with the cost savings. Labor shortage: For the hospitality, there is a need for the butler style services where there will be major impact on the industry. Along with this, the challenges are on expansion but limitations on the human resources. The shrinking of the labor force is considered to be the major challenge for the society which needs to be handled through the proper worker satisfaction. The theory could be used is the integration and the globalization where there is a vertical integration that is considered a major trend for the companies. The guest accommodation with the varying prices of the amenities can have a major impact on the different segments of the market. The future is based on involving the globalization where the chains and the management techniques need to be met with the substantial amount of the money. It only consists of the aspects where the customers and the management processes are able to move across the national boundaries with the setup of global entities. The growing complexity of the customer with the technology growth helps in shaping the human resources. Here, the tourists need to focus on how the information will be able to frontline and work towards the knowledge that includes the offerings by the firm. It is difficult to understand the characterization with the low skilled and low paid personnel who offer the high degree of the cultural and behavioral diversity. With this, the scope examined is to determine the complexity of the issues and the impact timing. As per the operational issues, there are platform where the movement of the tourists is set around the cellular layout where there are some underwater observations also. For this, some of the tourists are able to participate through the snorkeling and through the diving tours. There are some who are not able to maintain with the better output, scientifically. The training is mainly failure due to the impact of the global warming. The major concern is about how the tourists tend to be bottle-necked in the complete day. There are issues with the plans of the tourists where the bottle necks occur on the platform. The other people seem to sit and enjoy the weather rather than going through the different adventure. The major concern of the team is to focus on the flowing designing so that the uniqueness will help in bringing more customers with the congregating of the experience, lunchtime and the embarkation for the return voyage to Cairns. For number of people, the concept of tourism is based on the idea of leisure travel which is actually synonymous with the vacations. However, the tourist boards and other related with the overall development, coordination as well as marketing in tourism tend to base the opinion of a broader opinion and for them the concept actually means that the travel for most motive with some exceptions take travel to work and migrate as a part of local activities (Falk, 2016). The culture quality with the proper use of experience and the scientific technology is important for the hatcheries to work on the production with the proper closing rate that tends to continue depending upon the demands which are positive and prolific. The idea here is to create content that can inspire the target market and create curiosity among them. This kind of inspirational as well as emotional marketing is can be used by every possible size of the company since there is huge advancement in digital platforms. Therefore, it is easier now to reach more and more au dience and consumers through digital platform. CQuest Marine Laboratory can use a compelling and a more customer based marketing to improve the overall revenue (Hingtgen et al, 2015). The economics of the culturing and the tourism is based on how the saltwater fishes are able to handle the culture cost with the undertaking of the millionaires who have been obsessed with the lack of funds or probability. The focus is on building the secured form of the faster catamaran which could be important for handling the tourism rotation with the double of the revenue. There are high speed catamarans that are for the platforms set to manage the quality of the voyage as well as the platform is concerned. The target audience must be completely taken by the concept and this further will help in growing the popularity of the company. In order to add to the overall popularity, it is important to add the cool factor with it and the success can be replicated by any kind of firm. Conclusion It is important to have some level of excitement while dealing with customer. The content created for marketing must be based on the experiences of the customers in the form of stories. The marketing strategy and expansion plan for a company like CQuest Marine Laboratory, the main strategy is always is to establish a series of goals specifically for the area with high level of valuation of the different tourist potential by attracting a large number of domestic and international tourists to this area and saving the effects of season with consolidation of varied position held on specific internal and external markets by launching new products and further obtaining an increased level of competitive tourist products by properly balancing quality as well as price (Yu et al, 2014). The tourism based products are about renewing the strategy that helps in increasing the activities in some arrangement of travel and for the travel consumers without functioning with different changes and many more like increasing the number of classifications. Reference Dwyer, L., ?orak, S., Tomljenovi?, R. (2017). Introduction. InEvolution of Destination Planning and Strategy(pp. 1-14). Springer International Publishing. Falk, M. (2016). A gravity model of foreign direct investment in the hospitality industry.Tourism Management,55, 225-237. Gursoy, D., Saayman, M., Sotiriadis, M. (Eds.). (2015).Collaboration in tourism businesses and destinations: A handbook. Emerald Group Publishing. Hingtgen, N., Kline, C., Fernandes, L., McGehee, N. G. (2015). Cuba in transition: Tourism industry perceptions of entrepreneurial change.Tourism Management,50, 184-193. Lee, D., Hampton, M., Jeyacheya, J. (2015). The political economy of precarious work in the tourism industry in small island developing states.Review of International Political Economy,22(1), 194-223. Lee, S., Upneja, A., zdemir, ., Sun, K. A. (2014). A synergy effect of internationalization and firm size on performance: US hotel industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(1), 35-49. Niewiadomski, P. (2014). Towards an economic-geographical approach to the globalisation of the hotel industry.Tourism Geographies,16(1), 48-67. Ponting, J., O'Brien, D. (2014). Liberalizing Nirvana: an analysis of the consequences of common pool resource deregulation for the sustainability of Fiji's surf tourism industry.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(3), 384-402. Riasi, A., Pourmiri, S. (2016). Examples of Unsustainable Tourism in Middle East.Environmental Management and Sustainable Development,5(1), 69-85. Yu, Y., Byun, W. H., Lee, T. J. (2014). Critical issues of globalisation in the international hotel industry.Current Issues in Tourism,17(2), 114-118.

Woodrow Wilson Vs The Senate Essays - Cabot Family,

Woodrow Wilson Vs The Senate The Only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing Edmund Burke They say time is a great teacher. How true. History has taught us that peace must be kept at all costs. At the end of World War 1, the common goal between the victorious nations throughout the world was to declare peace. The leading statesmen of these triumphant nations met in Paris to draw up the Treaty of Versailles, which would decide the fate of the central powers. Woodrow Wilson, the American President, created fourteen points as the basis for peace negotiations. Among these fourteen points was the most controversial and yet the most important to President Wilson, the League of Nations. President Wilson developed its charter and soon died from exhaustion after his own country, the United States, refused to ratify it in the senate. American policy had temporarily shifted from isolationism to internationalism because of the war, however the United States senate was not ready for the responsibilities of a world peacekeeper. Due to a republican majority, senators Henry Cabot Lodge, Alfred Beveridge, and other isolationist senators helped to sway the rest of congress to deny the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. These senators believed that by entangling themselves in an international organization they would create new alliances, which would commit them to go to war. Also, Lodge felt that the League of Nations would be able to control the United States military by limiting the number of armaments that a nation could have. Due to Article 10 and the limitations on armaments, which the senators objected, and the inability to compromise on the deadlock between the Presidents beliefs and the Senators, led to the failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. These factors lead the senate to their decision, which left the world vulnerable for another war and the eventual demise of the League of Nations. The Fourteen Points were one of Wilsons major accomplishments while he held office. Wilson introduced this theory on what he believed were successful measures in not only preventing Germany from beginning a war again, but to prevent all wars. After all World War One was the war to end all wars. These Fourteen Points included proposals such as freedom of the seas, general disarmament, the removal of international trade barriers, impartial settlement of colonial claims, the restoration of Belgium, the evacuation of Russian territory, and the League of Nations. Wilson made many mistakes that the senate would use against him. When Wilson left for Europe on board the George Washington , he brought with him a peace commission. This peace commission consisted of Colonel House, Robert Lansing, General Tasker H. Bliss, and only one Republican, Henry D. White. The Republicans resented Wilson for only bringing one member of their party to represent them. However, Wilson had a distrust of coalit ions in politics. The Republicans also felt that White was not the representative which the Republican Party would themselves had chosen. Wilson felt that by limiting his opposition in Europe he would have a better chance of attaining peace. However, this choice was the beginning of the opposition Wilson faced from his own country during the peace talks. Wilson believed he had the support of his own people when he left for Europe. Ironically, Wilson also believed that, The men, whom we are about to deal with, do not represent their own people. Yet, it was Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of England, who had just finished an election that would send him to Paris with a very popular mandate. Georges Clemenceau, the leader of France, had also just finished an election in which he won a vote of confidence four to one. However, in November, in the midterm elections, it was shown to the world that America did not support their leader. The election in 1918 resulted in a clear Republican majority for the Senate and the House. This led President Wilson to issue a public appeal for the election of a Democratic majority in both houses of Congress in order that he might be wholly unhampered in the approaching negotiations. This was unsuccessful and showed to spectators that there was a

Mba Essay Editing Service Reviews free essay sample

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Free Essays on Martin Luther King And The Fight For Freedom

Martin Luther King Jr., The Protector of Human Rights Martin Luther King Jr. not only unselfishly defended human rights most of his life, but was a martyr to this cause. His life changed the course of history like no one would have imagined. Dr. King carried the Human Rights for American blacks at a time when the white civilization was most comfortable, the 1960’s. His legacy and martyrdom stimulated a generation of liberal thought in addition to a global, spiritual movement that would awaken and restore the impoverished far beyond Americas soil. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta Georgia. His father was the minister of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, as was his father before him. "M.L.," as he was called, lived with his parents, his sister and his brother in Atlanta Ga. Their home was not far from the church that his father preached at. Martin’s mother and father taught their children what would become an important part of his life - to treat all people with respect. Martin's father worked hard to break down the barriers between the races. His father believed African-Americans should register their complaints by voting. As he grew up he found that not everyone followed his parents principles. He noticed that "black" people and white people where treated differently. He saw that he and his white friends could not drink from the same water fountains and could not use the same restrooms. Martins best friend as a child was a white boy, and as children they played happily together. But when they reached school age, the friends found that even though they lived in the same neighborhood, they could not go to the same school. His friend would end up going to a school for white children only, and Martin was sent to a school for "black" children. After the first day of school Martin and his friend were never allowed to play together again When Martin was ready for college he decided to follow his father a... Free Essays on Martin Luther King And The Fight For Freedom Free Essays on Martin Luther King And The Fight For Freedom Martin Luther King Jr., The Protector of Human Rights Martin Luther King Jr. not only unselfishly defended human rights most of his life, but was a martyr to this cause. His life changed the course of history like no one would have imagined. Dr. King carried the Human Rights for American blacks at a time when the white civilization was most comfortable, the 1960’s. His legacy and martyrdom stimulated a generation of liberal thought in addition to a global, spiritual movement that would awaken and restore the impoverished far beyond Americas soil. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta Georgia. His father was the minister of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, as was his father before him. "M.L.," as he was called, lived with his parents, his sister and his brother in Atlanta Ga. Their home was not far from the church that his father preached at. Martin’s mother and father taught their children what would become an important part of his life - to treat all people with respect. Martin's father worked hard to break down the barriers between the races. His father believed African-Americans should register their complaints by voting. As he grew up he found that not everyone followed his parents principles. He noticed that "black" people and white people where treated differently. He saw that he and his white friends could not drink from the same water fountains and could not use the same restrooms. Martins best friend as a child was a white boy, and as children they played happily together. But when they reached school age, the friends found that even though they lived in the same neighborhood, they could not go to the same school. His friend would end up going to a school for white children only, and Martin was sent to a school for "black" children. After the first day of school Martin and his friend were never allowed to play together again When Martin was ready for college he decided to follow his father a...

Theories of Sentencing and Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories of Sentencing and Punishment - Essay Example "Philosophical reflection on punishment has helped cause, and is itself partially an effect of, developments in the understanding of punishment that have taken place outside the academic world(STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA)i". In ordinary sense, punishment indicates a retributive treatment. Before going to the deeper, it is necessary to add that whatever the form of punishment may be, i. e. preventive, retributive, reformative and so on; the core purpose of punishment is to facilitate the offenders getting rectified and make other people conscious as to the negative impact of criminalities. In this context, before providing the treatment to a particular offender, the societal aspects of the offenders should be given utmost importance. In addition, it may also be reasoned that as without threat and coercion, the social order cannot be achieved the introduction of punishment for the prevention of crimes and maintaining social order is so necessary. The punishment awarded should be rational in proportion to the degree and nature of punishment. The effects of punishment have made people aware as to its consequences. Thus, the philosophical outlook of punishment is greatly laid in assessing the merits of punishments awarded. But the habitual offenders or recidivist should not be treated alike to that of other offenders. Axiomatically speaking, punishment should not be so atrocious rendering inhumane; not violating the right of the offenders; should be proportional. Justifiability of the Theories of Punishment Countries have developed different theories of punishment while dispensing the criminal justice system in their respective legal systems. Most prominent theories are deterrent, retributive, preventive and reformative. Principally, the purpose of deterrent theory is to keep the offenders aloof from committing the crimes. They are made understood as to the negative implications of the crimes. Efforts are also made to help the offenders in making rational decision as regards the consequences of punishment. Reasonably, there is no unanimous opinion as regards the suitability of retributive theory. "There is a mix theory involving the traditional retributivism and utilitarian arguments along with some other theoretical ideas (Sentencing Law and Policy, 2005)ii".Actually, neither of the punitive, retributive, or reformative treatment of punishment can serve the purpose of sustaining social instability. Both the punitive and reformative approach should be coordinated for the better result o f punishment and help building the society in a sophisticated manner. Punishment should be provided all alike. But, "many federal white collar defendants spend their increasingly long sentences in still low-security (Mike, 2005)iii". In America, race, gender and age are most prominent considerations in case of sentencing and punishing the offenders. "Young black males are sentenced more harshly than any other group and the influence of offender's age on sentencing is greater among males than females (STEFFENSMEIER, ULMER & KRAMER, 1998)iv". Statutory Provisions "Evidence of confessions or admissions is admissible in the court subject to certain conditions determining whether they are voluntary and/or reliable (Nobles & Schiff, 2000)v". It is certain that