Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Menstrual Cycle

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Menstrual Cycle valuation of aerobic adjudicate and antioxidant status duringnormal catamenial turn reverse Background Objectives Oxidative nervous strain has been investigated to explain various physiologic as well as pathological basis of mevery medical conditions. but very few data concerning the aerobic express during normal menstrual rhythm method of birth control per second of eumenorrheic women atomic number 18 available. Thus, the purpose of matter was to examine the physiological percentage of oxidative stress during normal menstrual calendar method of birth control.Methods 120 young aim-headed female subjects of productive age group (17-27 yrs), having regular menstrual cycle, were examined. rake blood serum malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress biomarker and serum ascorbic caustic (vitamin-C), an antioxidant vitamin were assessed in the follicular anatomy (on 7th day) and in the luteal microscope stag e (on 21st day) of normal menstrual cycle.Results In the present bring, real higher (p0.05) levels of ascorbic acid were observed in the luteal point when compared to the follicular stagecoach. Non- monumental negative cor likenesss were similarly observed mingled with MDA and ascorbic acid in some(prenominal) the microscope stages of normal menstrual cycle. Significant increment in serum MDA level coincided with the cast upd progesterone and oestrogen levels during the luteal phase. High levels of estrogen may be the initiator of lipid peroxidation mental process which eventually ends up with cellular injury during the luteal phase.Interpretation end point Oxidative stress has an fundamental role to simulated military operation in physiological phenomenon of the flowing.Keywords Antioxidants, ascorbic acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), menstrual cycle, oxidative stress.Abbreviations MDA, malondialdehyde.IntroductionMenstrual cycle is the result of tangled interacting p rocesses involving interaction of the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, uterus, prostaglandins and neuroendocrine factors1.The normal menstrual cycle is a twenty dollar bill eight day period which is divided into two phases i.e. follicular phase and luteal phase. The follicular phase is characterised by a low level of estrogen and progesterone which is followed by rise in estradiol, lutenizing internal secretion, and follicle stimulating hormone at the time of ovulation, while the luteal phase is associated with increased levels of progesterone and estrogen. These phases are associated with various changes in blood parameters along with random variables in the sexual activity hormones.Several powerful antiphonal oxygen species or free radicals or oxidants are produced during the course of metabolism in blood cells and most new(prenominal) cells of the body. These oxidants are very reactive molecules that can react with proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other molecules which c hanges physicochemical status of the cell to alter their structure and cause tissue damage. lipide peroxidation is a well established mechanism of cellular injury in human and is utilize as an indicator of oxidative stress in cells and tissues. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of the important byproduct of lipid peroxidation process which is widely used as an indicator of lipid peroxidation2.These free radicals are the target for the enzymatic and non-enzymatic scavenging systems3, which includes the antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin-A, vitamin-C, vitamin-E etc. that scavenge the free radicals and comfort the tissues from oxidative stress.Oxidative stress has been implicated in various physiological as well as pathological bases of many medical conditions including fruitful system. Evidences brace shown the dual effects of oxygen radicals in the physiological reproductive processes such as oocyte maturation, ovulation, menstruation, luteolysi s, luteal maintenance in pregnancy, implantation and blastodermic vessicle development4,5,6, as well as in the pathological conditions like unbidden abortions and infertility in females7.The imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants resulting from either an overrun of free radicals or a deficit in antioxidant protection leads to oxidative stress8.Although, reports regarding variations of oxidative stress across the normal menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women scram been published, specially in reference to MDA (a marker of oxidative stress and an important byproduct of lipid peroxidation), but these are sparse and adopt conflicting trend.Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of oxidative stress during the different phases of normal menstrual cycle by measuring the MDA which is served as an oxidative stress biomarker and ascorbic acid (vitamin-C), served as an antioxidant.Materials and MethodsThe present study was carried bring let on on 120 normal heal thy and regular menstruating female subjects remote between 17 and 27 years (mean age 20.53 + 2.9 years) selected from thexxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Study was carried out in the xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxPermission was also obtained from institutional ethical committee for carrying out the look work. After seeking an informed written consent and recording the lucubrate menstrual history (i.e. age at menarche, date of last menstruation, cycle length and days of bleeding), the subjects were then subjected to sample collection. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum ascorbic acid (vitamin-C) levels were chequeed during their monthly menstrual cycle. All subjects were neither obese nor on any medication of any known pathologies.5 ml of fasting blood samples were drawn from antecubital vein from each subject during the follicular phase (on 7th day of the cycle) and luteal phase (on 21st day of the cycle) later taking full antiseptic precautions.The MDA levels were meas ured by thiobarbituric acid assay method9. The formula of the method was based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the colour authentic during the reaction of thiobarbituric acid with MDA. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was calculated by the absorbance coefficient of malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid complex.Serum ascorbic acid was estimated spectrophotometrically, by use 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine10. The underlying principle was based on the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid followed by mate with 2,4- dinitrophenyl hydrazine under controlled conditions, in the presence of Thiourea as a mild cut back agent which gives red coloured osazones.The data thus obtained was subjected to statistical abbreviation using the PRIMER OF BIOSTATISTICS software. The comparison of variables was done using the Student paired t test and correlation between variables was estimated by using Karl Pearsons correlation coefficient. The significa nce level was considered at pResultsThe mean serum MDA and serum ascorbic acid levels during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle are presented as in Table 1. In the present study, the mean serum MDA (nmol/ml) level was greater during the luteal phase (4.294+1.60 nmol/ml) as compared to follicular phase (2.119+0.83 nmol/ml). The difference between MDA levels in the luteal phase was highly noteworthy (pLower values of serum ascorbic acid were found in luteal phase when compared to follicular phase. The mean values observed were 0.9399+0.40 mg/dl 0.8963+0.37 mg/dl in follicular phase and luteal phase, respectively. But, the changes were non evidentiary statistically (p0.05).In this study, a negative correlation was also observed between serum ascorbic acid (mg/dl) and serum MDA (nmol/ml) levels in both follicular and luteal phases but the correlation was found to be non-significant in both follicular phase (r value=-0.026, p0.05) as well as in luteal phase (r value= -0.010, p0.05).Table 1 lowly+SD levels of serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum Ascorbic acid during follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle. information expressed as mean and SD, * Highly significant, ** Non-significant.DiscussionPresent study has revealed the role of oxidative stress in the physiology of menstruation. We observed a significant higher levels of MDA while a non-significant lower levels of ascorbic acid in the luteal phase when compared with the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.Previous studies also take on correlated increased serum MDA levels during the luteal phase with the physiological phenomenon of menstruation in the healthy normal menstruating females which support our study results6,11. While, no significant differences in MDA levels throughout the normal menstrual cycle also have been reported12,13,14.Unlike our study results, a progressive significant rise in germ plasm ascorbic acid levels has been reported from menstrual to ovulation15. Similarly, a sharp increase in the fasting level of plasma Vitamin C also has been showed in some women during the middle of the menstrual cycle16. Whereas, some other researchers found no evidences of unusual variability of plasma ascorbic acid values throughout the menstrual cycle, which supports our study17.The significant rise of MDA and depletion of ascorbic acid levels during the luteal phase of menstrual cycle coincides with the increased levels of estrogen and progesterone, which is a characteristic feature of this phase18. Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone cause the proliferation of uterus while the initiation of sloughing of the endometrium is generally due to the rise in the estrogen levels18,19,20.Thus, the high estrogen level from developing follicles may be the initiator of lipid peroxidation process21, which eventually causes the cellular injury followed by release of cytokines especially tumour necrosis factor-alpha, which generates reactive oxygen spe cies from the tissues which in turn causes lipid peroxidation22. The generated free radicals may play an important role in spasm of the highly vascularised vessels leading to vascular necrosis and menstrual flow, when hormonal support for the endometrium is diminished.High levels of oxidative stress have been coincided with high levels of female sex hormone such as estradiol in previous studies also6,21,23. While, in other studies a significant negative correlation between these parameters in regularly menstruating females also have been established24. Whereas, some evidences show no significant correlation between ovarian hormones and oxidative stress during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle25.Present study perhaps therefore suggests that the high MDA level in the luteal phase may play an important role in the initiation of menstruation which is a well established cellular injury based phenomenon. terminationIn conclusion, these results suggest that increase of se rum MDA levels may play an important role in the physiological phenomenon of menstruation.References1. Joseph L. Mayo. A healthy menstrual cycle. clinical Nutrition Insights 1997 5(9) 1-8.2. Raharjo S, Sofos JN and Schmitt GR. Solid-phase acid extraction improves thiobarbituric acid methods to determine lipid oxidation. J Food Sci 1993 58 921-932.3. Grunert RR and Phillips PH. A modification of nitroprusside method of analysis for glutathione. puckish Biochem 1951 30(2) 217-225.4. Sawada M and Carlson J. Superoxide radical production in plasma membrane samples from regressing corpora lutea. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1989 67(5) 465-471.5. Harvey AJ, Kind KL and Thompson JG. REDOX regulation of early embryo development. reproduction 2002 123 479-486.6. Akande AA and Akinyinka AO. Serum malondialdehyde levels during menstrual cycle. Afr J Biotechnol 2005 4(11) 1297-1299.7. Agarwal A, Aponte-Mellado A, Premkumar BJ, Shaman A, Gupta S. The effects of oxidative stress on female reproduc tion a review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012 10 49.8. Terada LS. Specificity in reactive oxidant signaling Think globally, act locally. J booth Biol 2006 174 615-623.9. Satoh K. Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clin Chim Acta 1978 90(1) 37-43.10. Natelson S. Determination of ascorbic acid by using 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine. Techniques of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd ed. Springfield, USA Charles C. Thomas. 1971 165-166.11. Karowicz-Bilinska A, Plodzidym M, Krol J, Lewinska A, Bartosz G. Changes of markers of oxidative stress during menstrual cycle.Redox Rep 2008 13(5) 237-240.12. Serviddio G, Loverro G, Vicino M, et al. Modulation of endometrial redox balance during the menstrual cycle relation with sex hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002 87(6) 2843-2848.13. Elhadd TA, Neary R, Abdu TA, et al. Influence of the hormonal changes during the normal menstrual cycle in healthy young women on soluble adhesion molecules, plasma homoc ysteine, free radical markers and lipoprotein fractions. Int Angiol 2003 22(3) 222-228.14. Browne RW, Bloom MS, Schisterman EF, et al. Analytical and biological variation of biomarkers of oxidative stress during the menstrual cycle. Biomarkers 2008 11 160-183.15. Michos C, Kiortsis DN, Evangelou A, Karkabounas S. 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Philadephia Saundera company. 1992 p-1879.21. Schisterman EF, Gaskins AJ, Mumford SL, et al. Influence of endogenetic Reproductive Hormones on F2-Isoprostane Levels in Premenopausal Women. Am J Epidemiol 2010 172(4) 430-439.22. Romero FJ, Bosch-Morell F, Romero MJ, Jareno EJ, Romero B, capital of Italy MN. Lipid peroxidation products and antioxidants in human diseases. Environ Health Perspect 1998 106 1229-1234.23. Sowers M, McConnell D, Jannausch ML, et al. Oestrogen metabolites in relation to isoprostanes as a measure of oxidative stress. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008 68(5) 806-813.24. BednarekTupikowska G, BohdanowiczPawlak A, Bidzinska B, Milewicz A, AntonowiczJuchniewicz J, Andrzejak R. Serum lipid peroxid e and superoxide dismutase activity in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2001 15(4) 298-303.25. Lutoslawska G, Tkaczyk J, panczenco- kresowska B, Hubner Wozniak E, Skierska E, Gajewski AK. Plasma TBARS, blood GSH concentrations, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in regularly menstruating women with ovulatory and anovulatory menstrual cycles. Clin Chim Acta 2003 331(1-2) 159-163.